PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IN LOWER EXTREMITIES
Keywords:
Peripheral Arterial Disease, Atherosclerosis, Vascular Surgery, Ankle-brachial IndexAbstract
Peripheral artery disease is developed for an arterial obstruction. The reduction in blood flow can be asymptomatic or produce symptoms of arterial insufficiency such as intermittent claudication or rest pain in the affected muscle group, as well as the presence of different degrees of tissue loss, such as ulcers, being one of the most obvious signs of ischemia in the limb. Because the majority of cases of peripheral artery disease are caused for the atherosclerosis resulted for the accumulation of lipids and fibrous material between the layers of the artery in the lower limbs, the present article is focus on this etiology as the cause of peripheral artery disease in lower extremity.
References
1. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic) ACC/AHA 2006; 113:e463
2. Criqui MH, Aboyans V. Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease. Circ Res 2015; 116:1509e26.
3. Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Butcher I, Heald CL, Lee RJ, Chambless LE, et al. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a metaanalysis. JAMA 2008; 300:197e208.
4. Faxon DP, Fuster V, Libby P, et al. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group III: pathophysiology. Circulation 2004; 109:2617.
5. Kitta Y, Obata JE, Nakamura T, et al. Persistent impairment of endothelial vasomotor function has a negative impact on outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53:323.
6. Ouriel K. Peripheral arterial desease. Lancet. 2001; 358:1257-64.
7. Hansson G. Immune mechanisms in aterosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001; 21:1876 –1890.
8. Schonbeck U, Libby P. CD40 signaling and plaquet instability. Circ Res. 2001; 89:1092–1103.
9. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg 2007; 45 Suppl S:S5.
10. Meijer WT, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998; 18:185–192.
11. Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF. Intermittent claudication: A risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1997; 96:44.
12. Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Oxidized lowdensity lipoprotein and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2311.
13. Newman JD, Rockman CB, Kosiborod M, et al. Diabetes mellitus is a coronary heart disease risk equivalent for peripheral vascular disease. Am Heart J 2017; 184:114.
14. Shah B, Rockman CB, Guo Y, et al. Diabetes and vascular disease in different arterial territories. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1636.
15. Fernández-Friera L, Peñalvo JL, Fernández-Ortiz A, et al. Prevalence, Vascular Distribution, and Multiterritorial Extent of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in a Middle-Aged Cohort: The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) Study. Circulation 2015; 131:2104.
16. Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Redmond N, Lin JS. Screening for Peripheral Artery Disease Using the Ankle-Brachial Index: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2018; 320:184.
17. Aboyans V, Jean-BaptisteRicco, Marie-Louise E.L. et al. Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2017.
18. Le Faucheur A, Noury-Desvaux B, Mahé G, et al. Variability and short-term determinants of walking capacity in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51:886.
19. McGee SR, Boyko EJ. Physical examination and chronic lower-extremity ischemia: a critical review. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:1357.
20. Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration, Fowkes FG, Murray GD, et al. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a metaanalysis. JAMA 2008; 300:197.
21. Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2017; 135:e726.
22. Romano M, Mainenti PP, Imbriaco M, et al. Multidetector row CT angiography of the abdominal aorta and lower extremities in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement. Eur J Radiol 2004; 50:303.
23. Rutherford RB, Baker JD, Ernst C, et al. Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version. J Vasc Surg 1997; 26:517.
24. Mills JL Sr, Conte MS, Armstrong DG, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg 2014; 59:220.
25. Alonso-Coello P, Bellmunt S, McGorrian C, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: Antithrombotic Therapy andPrevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141:e669S.
2. Criqui MH, Aboyans V. Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease. Circ Res 2015; 116:1509e26.
3. Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Butcher I, Heald CL, Lee RJ, Chambless LE, et al. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a metaanalysis. JAMA 2008; 300:197e208.
4. Faxon DP, Fuster V, Libby P, et al. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group III: pathophysiology. Circulation 2004; 109:2617.
5. Kitta Y, Obata JE, Nakamura T, et al. Persistent impairment of endothelial vasomotor function has a negative impact on outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53:323.
6. Ouriel K. Peripheral arterial desease. Lancet. 2001; 358:1257-64.
7. Hansson G. Immune mechanisms in aterosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001; 21:1876 –1890.
8. Schonbeck U, Libby P. CD40 signaling and plaquet instability. Circ Res. 2001; 89:1092–1103.
9. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg 2007; 45 Suppl S:S5.
10. Meijer WT, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998; 18:185–192.
11. Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF. Intermittent claudication: A risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1997; 96:44.
12. Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Oxidized lowdensity lipoprotein and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2311.
13. Newman JD, Rockman CB, Kosiborod M, et al. Diabetes mellitus is a coronary heart disease risk equivalent for peripheral vascular disease. Am Heart J 2017; 184:114.
14. Shah B, Rockman CB, Guo Y, et al. Diabetes and vascular disease in different arterial territories. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1636.
15. Fernández-Friera L, Peñalvo JL, Fernández-Ortiz A, et al. Prevalence, Vascular Distribution, and Multiterritorial Extent of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in a Middle-Aged Cohort: The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) Study. Circulation 2015; 131:2104.
16. Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Redmond N, Lin JS. Screening for Peripheral Artery Disease Using the Ankle-Brachial Index: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2018; 320:184.
17. Aboyans V, Jean-BaptisteRicco, Marie-Louise E.L. et al. Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2017.
18. Le Faucheur A, Noury-Desvaux B, Mahé G, et al. Variability and short-term determinants of walking capacity in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51:886.
19. McGee SR, Boyko EJ. Physical examination and chronic lower-extremity ischemia: a critical review. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:1357.
20. Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration, Fowkes FG, Murray GD, et al. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a metaanalysis. JAMA 2008; 300:197.
21. Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2017; 135:e726.
22. Romano M, Mainenti PP, Imbriaco M, et al. Multidetector row CT angiography of the abdominal aorta and lower extremities in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement. Eur J Radiol 2004; 50:303.
23. Rutherford RB, Baker JD, Ernst C, et al. Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version. J Vasc Surg 1997; 26:517.
24. Mills JL Sr, Conte MS, Armstrong DG, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg 2014; 59:220.
25. Alonso-Coello P, Bellmunt S, McGorrian C, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: Antithrombotic Therapy andPrevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141:e669S.
Downloads
Published
2020-11-16
Issue
Section
Literature review
License
The intellectual property of accepted works belongs to their authors, however access to them is totally open and free, so they can be reproduced totally or partially with the only limitation of recognizing the authorship and the source of publication (Revista Medicina Legal de Costa Rica), as long as said exploitation does not have commercial character.
How to Cite
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IN LOWER EXTREMITIES. (2020). Medicina Legal De Costa Rica, 36(1). https://www.binasss.sa.cr/ojssalud/index.php/mlcr/article/view/115
