LABOR LUMBALGIA. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERT ASSESSMENTS MADE IN THE DEPARTMENT'S LABOR MEDICINE SECTION OF LEGAL MEDICINE OF THE INVESTIGATION BODY OF THE JUDICIARY, IN 2016
Keywords:
Lumbalgia, assessment of damage to the person, assessment of bodily damage, impairment, temporary disability, permanent disability, lumbar ailment, lumbagoAbstract
Diseases of the lumbar region are a significant and growing problem, to the extent that it has been considered a public health problem in many countries of the world. Statistics from the United States of America estimate that approximately two-thirds of the adult population suffered or suffer from low back pain at some point in their lives, which constitutes back pain as one of the most common causes of outpatient medical practice General and specialized. Data provided by the National Institute of Insurance indicate that only in 142863 cases of lumbar pain were treated in 2015, which meant 7.2 days in average oftemporary incapacity per person, which amounts to 1028613 days (one million twenty-eight One thousand six hundred thirteen), of incapacity. In addition to these 142863 affected, 1,297 required not only temporary incapacity, but also permanent disability reaching the figure of 4.72% on average per person. Based on these data it was decided to take the cases Risks of Work in the Department of Occupational Medicine of the Department of Legal Medicine of the Judicial Investigation Agency, whose condition was Lumbalgia and to analyze the mechanisms of trauma involved in the genesis Of its ailment as well as the repercussions that this one had in each one of those evaluated.
References
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2. Andersson, G. B. (1999). Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain» (Rasgos epidemiológicos de las afecciones dorsolumbares crónicas). The Lancet, 354, 581-585.
3. Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría. (2013). Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales, (5º ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
4. Aso, J., et al. (2014). Revisión Simulación en patología espinal. Reumatol Clin, 10(6), 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reuma.2014.03.003
5. Battié, M., et al. (1989). Isometric lifting strength. As a predictor of industrial back pain reports. Spine, 14, 851-6.
6. Biering-Sorensen, F. (1984). Physical measurements as risk indicators for lowback trouble over a one-year period. Spine, 9, 106-9.
7. Bigos, S., Battié, M., Spengler, D., Fisher, L. & Fordyce, W. (1991). A prospective study of work perceptions and psychosocial factors affecting the report of back injury. Spine,16,1-6.
8. Borrego-Aparici, R., et al. (2008). Concepto de daño corporal y antecedentes históricos. Daño a las personas en derecho penal, civil y laboral y en el ámbito de las compañías de seguros. Valoración médica del daño, tablas y baremos de valoración. Rehabilitación (Madr), 42(6), 315-24. 9. Carlson, B. (2009). Human embryology and developmental biology, (4º ed). Philadelphia, USA: Elsevier.
10. Casais, F., Martín, J., Novalbos, J. P., Elorza, J. y Failde, I. (1995). Aspectos epidemiológicos del dolor de espalda en el personal laboral de un hospital de Cádiz. Fisioterapia, 17,184-90.
11. Carbonell, R. (2008). Lumbalgia: Determinación de contingencia. Barcelona, España: Universidad de Barcelona. Recuperado el 08/06/2017 de: http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/13307/1/LUMBALGIA.D.CONTINGENCIA.MME.word.pdf.
12. Costa Rica. Código Procesal Penal. Ley No.7594.
13. Costa Rica. Código del Trabajo. Ley N° 2 del 27 de agosto de 1943 reformada en Ley N° 5089 del 18 de octubre de 1972.
14. Costa Rica. Consejo de Salud Ocupacional. (2015). Estadísticas Salud Ocupacional Costa Rica 2015. San José. CR: CSO.
15. Chou, Y. C., Shih, C. C., Lin, J. G., Chen, T. L., Liao, C. C. (2013). Low back pain associated with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and osteoporosis: a population-based study. JRehabil Med.
16. Drake, R. L., Vogl, A. W. y Mitchell, A.W. (2010). Gray: Anatomía para estudiantes. Barcelona, España: Elsevier.
17. Feldstein, A., Valains, B., Vollmer, W., Stevens, N. & Overton, C. (1993). The back injury prevention project pilot study. J Occup Med, 35, 114-20.
18. Fernández, L. (2001). Curso de fisioterapia de la patología lumbar. Fundación de estudios y formación sanitaria. Madrid, España: FEFS.
19. Frymoyer, J. W., et al. (1980, Sep-Oct). Epidemiologic studies of low-back pain. Spine, 5(5), 419-23.
20. Furtado, R. N., et al. (2014, Sep-Oct). Nonspecific low back pain in young adults: associated risk factors. Rev Bras Reumatol, 54(5), 371-7. Doi: 10.1016/j.rbr.2014.03.018. Epub 2014 Jul 6.
21. Garg, A., Boda, S., Hegmann, K. T., Moore, J. S., Kapellusch, J. M., Bhoyar, P., Thiese, M. S., Merryweather, A., Deckow-Schaefer, G., Bloswick, D. & Malloy, E. J. (2014). The NIOSH lifting equation and low-back pain, part 2: Association with low-back pain in the Backworks prospective cohort study. Human Factors, 56, 44-
22. Gates, S. J. (1988, May). On the job back exercises. Am J Nurs, 656-9.
23. Gisbert, J. A. (2004). Medicina Legal y Toxicología. Barcelona, España: Elsevier Mosby.
24. Gómez-Conesa, A., et al. (2002). Lumbalgia ocupacional. Fisioterapia, 24(monográfico 1), 43-50
25. Gómez-Conesa, A. y Valbuena, S. (2005). Lumbalgia crónica y discapacidad laboral. Fisioterapia, 27(5), 255-65.
26. González, M. A. y Condón, M. J. (2000). Incapacidad por dolor lumbar en España. Med Clin (Barc), 114, 491-2.
27. Guangxing, X., Dong, P., Fengying, L., Desheng, P., Sheng, W. & Liping, L.(2012). Prevalence of low back pain and associated occupational factors among Chinese coal miners. BMC Public Health, 12, 149.
28. Hagen, K. B., Magnus, P. & Vetlesen, K. (1998). Neck/shoulder and low back pain disorders in the forestry: relationship to work task and perceived psychosocial job stress. Ergonomics, 41, 1510-8.
29. Heliövaara, M. (1989). Risk factors of low back pain and sciatica. Annals of Medicine, 21, 257-64.
30. Hernández, S. (1979). Simulación en columna vertebral: VII Reunión sobre patología de la columna vertebral. Barcelona, España: Ferrer Int., 35–46.
31. Herring, W. (2011). Learning Radiology, recognizing the basics. USA: Elsevier, Saunders.
32. Hoy, D., Bain, C., Williams, G., March, L., Brooks, P., Blyth, F., et al. (2012). A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis Rheum, 64(6), 2028-37.
33. Hoy, D., Brooks, P., Blyth, F. & Buch, R. (2010). The epidemiology of low back pain. Best practice & Research clínical Rheumatology, 24(5), 769-81.
34. Humbría, A. (2004). Consulta monográfica de columna lumbar. Protocolo de investigación clínica, ¿cómo son los pacientes con lumbalgia crónica inespecífica? Rev Esp Reumatol, 31(8), 453-61.
35. Jensen, J. N., Holterman, A., Clausen, T., Mortensen, O. S., Carneiro, I. G. & Andersen, L. L. (2012). The greatest Risk for low back pain among newly educated female health care workers; body weight or physical work load? BMC Musculoskeletal disorders, 13, 87.
36. Kelsey, J. L., Golden, A. L. & Mundt, D. J. (1990). Low back pain/prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North América, 16.3, 699-716.
37. Keyserling, W., Herrin, G. & Chaffin, D. (1980). Isometric strength testing as a means of controlling madical incidence on strenous jobs. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 22, 332-6.
38. Lavender, S. A., Marras, W. S., Ferguson, S. A., Splittstoesser, R. E. & Yang, G. (2012). Developing
physical exposurebased back injury risk models applicable to manual handling jobs in distribution centers. J Occup Environ Hyg, 9(7), 450-9.
39. Yilmaz, E. & Dedeli, O. (2012). Effect of physical and phsychosocial factors on occupational low back pain. Health Science Journal, 6(4), 598-607.
40. Mahecha, M. T. (2009). Dolor lumbar agudo: mecanismos, enfoque y tratamiento. Morfolia, 1, 3.
41. Manchikanti, L., Singh, V., Falco, F. J., Benyamin, R. M. & Hirsch, J. A. (2014), Epidemiology of Low Back Pain in Adults. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 17, 3–10. doi:10.1111/ner.12018
42. Mendelek, F., Kheir, R. B., Caby, I., Thevenon, A. & Pelayo, P. (2011). On the quantitative relationships between individual/occupational risk factors and low back pain prevalence using nonparametric approaches. Joint Bone Spine, 78(6), 619-24.
43. Murtezani, A., Ibraimi, Z., Sllamniku, S., Osmani, T. & Sherifi, S. (2011). Prevalence and risk factors for low back pain in industrial workers. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 53(3), 68-74.
44. Nachemson, A. L. (1985). Advances in low back pain. Clin Orthopaedics, 200, 266-78.
45. Noriega-Elío, M., et al. (2005, mai-jun). La polémica sobre las lumbalgias y su relación con el trabajo: estudio retrospectivo en trabajadores con invalidez. Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, 21(3), 887-897.
46. Ocaña, Ú. (2007). Lumbalgia ocupacional y discapacidad laboral. Rev fisioter (Guadalupe), 6 (2), 17-26
47. Op de Beeck, R., et al. (2000). Work-related low-back disorders. Agencia Europea para la Seguridad y la Salud en el Trabajo, ISBN 92-95007-02-6
48. Parent-Thirion, A., et al. (2007). Fourth European Working Conditions Survey. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. ISBN 92-897-0974-X
49. Peña, J. L., et al. (2002). Fisiopatología de la lumbalgia. Rev Esp Reuma tol, 29(10), 483-8.
50. Pérez, J. (2006). Contribución al estudio de la lumbalgia inespecífica. Rev Cubana Ortop Traumatol, 20(2)
51. Palomo, M. L., et al. (2001). Clasificación etiológica y clínica. Lumbalgias, Jano, 1408, 84.
52. Rivas, R., et al. (2010). Manejo del síndrome doloroso lumbar. Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral, 26(1)117-129
53. Rodríguez, A. et al. (2001). Historia y Exploraciones Físicas. Lumbalgias, Jano, 1408, 75-80
54. Saldívar, A., Velázquez, J., Barrientos, M., Lin, D., Vázquez, F. y Llanes, A. (2010). Factores de riesgo y calidad de vida de los enfermos que sufren lumbalgia. Rev Med Sal y Socied, 1(1), 1-25.
55. Santandreu, M. E., Sánchez, J., González, J. y Gómez A. (1994). Dolor vertebral entre personal hospitalario. Rehabilitación, 28, 78- 84.
56. Seidel, H. M., Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., et al. (1997). Manual “Mosby” de exploración física. Madrid, España: Harcourt Brace.
57. Scheele, J., Luijsterburhg, P. J., Ferreira, M. L., Mager, C. H., Pereirea, L. & Peul, W. C. (2011). Back Complaints in the elders (BACE); design of cohort studies in primary care: an internacional consortium. J Musculoskeletal Disorders, 193(12),1471-2474.
58. Silberman, F. (2003). Ortopedia y traumatología, (2º ed). España: Panamericana. pág: 57.
59. Stubbs, D. & Buckle, P. (1992). Back and upper limb dirorders. The Practioner, 236, 34-8.
60. Thiese, M. S., Hegman, K. T., Garq, A., Porucznikc, C. & Behens, T. (2011). The predictive relationship of physical activity on the incidence of low back pain in an occupational cohort. J Occup Environ Med, 53(4), 364-71.
61. Thorbjornsson, C. O., Alfredsson, L., Frediksson, K., Koster, M., Michelsen, H., Vingard, E., Torgen, M. & Kilbom, A. (1998). Psychosocial and physical risk factors associated with low back pain: a 24 year follow up among women and men in a broad range occupations. Occup Environ Med, 55, 84-90.
62. Van den Heuvel, S., et al. 2017. Estimating the cost of work-related accidents and ill-health: An analysis of European data sources European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 1. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN: 978-92 9240-997-5
63. Vargas-Prada, S., Serra, C., Martinez, J. M., Ntani, G., Delclos, G. L., Palmer, K. T., et al. (2012). Psychological and culturally-influenced risk factors for the incidence and persistence of low back pain and associated disability in Spanish workers: findings from the CUPID study. Occup Environ Med., 70(1), 57-62.
64. Vicente-Herrero, Mª T., et al. (2012). Impacto científico, costes por incapacidad temporal y repercusión jurídica Las enfermedades de la Columna Lumbar y su relación con el trabajo en España. Seguridad Y Medio Ambiente, 126, Segundo trimestre 2012.
65. Vilchez, Z., Suárez, F., Sosa, D., Torres, M. y Tirado, M. (2011). Factores de riesgo para lumbalgia en trabajadores de almacenes que acuden a una consulta traumatológica en Valencia, Estado Carabobo durante el lapso 2006-2009. VITAE, 48, 1317-987.
66. Waddell, G. (1987, Aug.), Clinical assessment of lumbar impairment. Clin Orthop Relat Res,(221), 110-20.
67. Wody, S. R., Watson, P. J., Roach, N. K. y Urmston, M. (2004). Adjustment to chronic back pain-the relative influence of fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrofhizng, and appraisals of control. Behavior Research and Therapy, 42, 761-74.
2. Andersson, G. B. (1999). Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain» (Rasgos epidemiológicos de las afecciones dorsolumbares crónicas). The Lancet, 354, 581-585.
3. Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría. (2013). Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales, (5º ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
4. Aso, J., et al. (2014). Revisión Simulación en patología espinal. Reumatol Clin, 10(6), 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reuma.2014.03.003
5. Battié, M., et al. (1989). Isometric lifting strength. As a predictor of industrial back pain reports. Spine, 14, 851-6.
6. Biering-Sorensen, F. (1984). Physical measurements as risk indicators for lowback trouble over a one-year period. Spine, 9, 106-9.
7. Bigos, S., Battié, M., Spengler, D., Fisher, L. & Fordyce, W. (1991). A prospective study of work perceptions and psychosocial factors affecting the report of back injury. Spine,16,1-6.
8. Borrego-Aparici, R., et al. (2008). Concepto de daño corporal y antecedentes históricos. Daño a las personas en derecho penal, civil y laboral y en el ámbito de las compañías de seguros. Valoración médica del daño, tablas y baremos de valoración. Rehabilitación (Madr), 42(6), 315-24. 9. Carlson, B. (2009). Human embryology and developmental biology, (4º ed). Philadelphia, USA: Elsevier.
10. Casais, F., Martín, J., Novalbos, J. P., Elorza, J. y Failde, I. (1995). Aspectos epidemiológicos del dolor de espalda en el personal laboral de un hospital de Cádiz. Fisioterapia, 17,184-90.
11. Carbonell, R. (2008). Lumbalgia: Determinación de contingencia. Barcelona, España: Universidad de Barcelona. Recuperado el 08/06/2017 de: http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/13307/1/LUMBALGIA.D.CONTINGENCIA.MME.word.pdf.
12. Costa Rica. Código Procesal Penal. Ley No.7594.
13. Costa Rica. Código del Trabajo. Ley N° 2 del 27 de agosto de 1943 reformada en Ley N° 5089 del 18 de octubre de 1972.
14. Costa Rica. Consejo de Salud Ocupacional. (2015). Estadísticas Salud Ocupacional Costa Rica 2015. San José. CR: CSO.
15. Chou, Y. C., Shih, C. C., Lin, J. G., Chen, T. L., Liao, C. C. (2013). Low back pain associated with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and osteoporosis: a population-based study. JRehabil Med.
16. Drake, R. L., Vogl, A. W. y Mitchell, A.W. (2010). Gray: Anatomía para estudiantes. Barcelona, España: Elsevier.
17. Feldstein, A., Valains, B., Vollmer, W., Stevens, N. & Overton, C. (1993). The back injury prevention project pilot study. J Occup Med, 35, 114-20.
18. Fernández, L. (2001). Curso de fisioterapia de la patología lumbar. Fundación de estudios y formación sanitaria. Madrid, España: FEFS.
19. Frymoyer, J. W., et al. (1980, Sep-Oct). Epidemiologic studies of low-back pain. Spine, 5(5), 419-23.
20. Furtado, R. N., et al. (2014, Sep-Oct). Nonspecific low back pain in young adults: associated risk factors. Rev Bras Reumatol, 54(5), 371-7. Doi: 10.1016/j.rbr.2014.03.018. Epub 2014 Jul 6.
21. Garg, A., Boda, S., Hegmann, K. T., Moore, J. S., Kapellusch, J. M., Bhoyar, P., Thiese, M. S., Merryweather, A., Deckow-Schaefer, G., Bloswick, D. & Malloy, E. J. (2014). The NIOSH lifting equation and low-back pain, part 2: Association with low-back pain in the Backworks prospective cohort study. Human Factors, 56, 44-
22. Gates, S. J. (1988, May). On the job back exercises. Am J Nurs, 656-9.
23. Gisbert, J. A. (2004). Medicina Legal y Toxicología. Barcelona, España: Elsevier Mosby.
24. Gómez-Conesa, A., et al. (2002). Lumbalgia ocupacional. Fisioterapia, 24(monográfico 1), 43-50
25. Gómez-Conesa, A. y Valbuena, S. (2005). Lumbalgia crónica y discapacidad laboral. Fisioterapia, 27(5), 255-65.
26. González, M. A. y Condón, M. J. (2000). Incapacidad por dolor lumbar en España. Med Clin (Barc), 114, 491-2.
27. Guangxing, X., Dong, P., Fengying, L., Desheng, P., Sheng, W. & Liping, L.(2012). Prevalence of low back pain and associated occupational factors among Chinese coal miners. BMC Public Health, 12, 149.
28. Hagen, K. B., Magnus, P. & Vetlesen, K. (1998). Neck/shoulder and low back pain disorders in the forestry: relationship to work task and perceived psychosocial job stress. Ergonomics, 41, 1510-8.
29. Heliövaara, M. (1989). Risk factors of low back pain and sciatica. Annals of Medicine, 21, 257-64.
30. Hernández, S. (1979). Simulación en columna vertebral: VII Reunión sobre patología de la columna vertebral. Barcelona, España: Ferrer Int., 35–46.
31. Herring, W. (2011). Learning Radiology, recognizing the basics. USA: Elsevier, Saunders.
32. Hoy, D., Bain, C., Williams, G., March, L., Brooks, P., Blyth, F., et al. (2012). A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis Rheum, 64(6), 2028-37.
33. Hoy, D., Brooks, P., Blyth, F. & Buch, R. (2010). The epidemiology of low back pain. Best practice & Research clínical Rheumatology, 24(5), 769-81.
34. Humbría, A. (2004). Consulta monográfica de columna lumbar. Protocolo de investigación clínica, ¿cómo son los pacientes con lumbalgia crónica inespecífica? Rev Esp Reumatol, 31(8), 453-61.
35. Jensen, J. N., Holterman, A., Clausen, T., Mortensen, O. S., Carneiro, I. G. & Andersen, L. L. (2012). The greatest Risk for low back pain among newly educated female health care workers; body weight or physical work load? BMC Musculoskeletal disorders, 13, 87.
36. Kelsey, J. L., Golden, A. L. & Mundt, D. J. (1990). Low back pain/prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North América, 16.3, 699-716.
37. Keyserling, W., Herrin, G. & Chaffin, D. (1980). Isometric strength testing as a means of controlling madical incidence on strenous jobs. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 22, 332-6.
38. Lavender, S. A., Marras, W. S., Ferguson, S. A., Splittstoesser, R. E. & Yang, G. (2012). Developing
physical exposurebased back injury risk models applicable to manual handling jobs in distribution centers. J Occup Environ Hyg, 9(7), 450-9.
39. Yilmaz, E. & Dedeli, O. (2012). Effect of physical and phsychosocial factors on occupational low back pain. Health Science Journal, 6(4), 598-607.
40. Mahecha, M. T. (2009). Dolor lumbar agudo: mecanismos, enfoque y tratamiento. Morfolia, 1, 3.
41. Manchikanti, L., Singh, V., Falco, F. J., Benyamin, R. M. & Hirsch, J. A. (2014), Epidemiology of Low Back Pain in Adults. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 17, 3–10. doi:10.1111/ner.12018
42. Mendelek, F., Kheir, R. B., Caby, I., Thevenon, A. & Pelayo, P. (2011). On the quantitative relationships between individual/occupational risk factors and low back pain prevalence using nonparametric approaches. Joint Bone Spine, 78(6), 619-24.
43. Murtezani, A., Ibraimi, Z., Sllamniku, S., Osmani, T. & Sherifi, S. (2011). Prevalence and risk factors for low back pain in industrial workers. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 53(3), 68-74.
44. Nachemson, A. L. (1985). Advances in low back pain. Clin Orthopaedics, 200, 266-78.
45. Noriega-Elío, M., et al. (2005, mai-jun). La polémica sobre las lumbalgias y su relación con el trabajo: estudio retrospectivo en trabajadores con invalidez. Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, 21(3), 887-897.
46. Ocaña, Ú. (2007). Lumbalgia ocupacional y discapacidad laboral. Rev fisioter (Guadalupe), 6 (2), 17-26
47. Op de Beeck, R., et al. (2000). Work-related low-back disorders. Agencia Europea para la Seguridad y la Salud en el Trabajo, ISBN 92-95007-02-6
48. Parent-Thirion, A., et al. (2007). Fourth European Working Conditions Survey. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. ISBN 92-897-0974-X
49. Peña, J. L., et al. (2002). Fisiopatología de la lumbalgia. Rev Esp Reuma tol, 29(10), 483-8.
50. Pérez, J. (2006). Contribución al estudio de la lumbalgia inespecífica. Rev Cubana Ortop Traumatol, 20(2)
51. Palomo, M. L., et al. (2001). Clasificación etiológica y clínica. Lumbalgias, Jano, 1408, 84.
52. Rivas, R., et al. (2010). Manejo del síndrome doloroso lumbar. Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral, 26(1)117-129
53. Rodríguez, A. et al. (2001). Historia y Exploraciones Físicas. Lumbalgias, Jano, 1408, 75-80
54. Saldívar, A., Velázquez, J., Barrientos, M., Lin, D., Vázquez, F. y Llanes, A. (2010). Factores de riesgo y calidad de vida de los enfermos que sufren lumbalgia. Rev Med Sal y Socied, 1(1), 1-25.
55. Santandreu, M. E., Sánchez, J., González, J. y Gómez A. (1994). Dolor vertebral entre personal hospitalario. Rehabilitación, 28, 78- 84.
56. Seidel, H. M., Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., et al. (1997). Manual “Mosby” de exploración física. Madrid, España: Harcourt Brace.
57. Scheele, J., Luijsterburhg, P. J., Ferreira, M. L., Mager, C. H., Pereirea, L. & Peul, W. C. (2011). Back Complaints in the elders (BACE); design of cohort studies in primary care: an internacional consortium. J Musculoskeletal Disorders, 193(12),1471-2474.
58. Silberman, F. (2003). Ortopedia y traumatología, (2º ed). España: Panamericana. pág: 57.
59. Stubbs, D. & Buckle, P. (1992). Back and upper limb dirorders. The Practioner, 236, 34-8.
60. Thiese, M. S., Hegman, K. T., Garq, A., Porucznikc, C. & Behens, T. (2011). The predictive relationship of physical activity on the incidence of low back pain in an occupational cohort. J Occup Environ Med, 53(4), 364-71.
61. Thorbjornsson, C. O., Alfredsson, L., Frediksson, K., Koster, M., Michelsen, H., Vingard, E., Torgen, M. & Kilbom, A. (1998). Psychosocial and physical risk factors associated with low back pain: a 24 year follow up among women and men in a broad range occupations. Occup Environ Med, 55, 84-90.
62. Van den Heuvel, S., et al. 2017. Estimating the cost of work-related accidents and ill-health: An analysis of European data sources European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 1. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN: 978-92 9240-997-5
63. Vargas-Prada, S., Serra, C., Martinez, J. M., Ntani, G., Delclos, G. L., Palmer, K. T., et al. (2012). Psychological and culturally-influenced risk factors for the incidence and persistence of low back pain and associated disability in Spanish workers: findings from the CUPID study. Occup Environ Med., 70(1), 57-62.
64. Vicente-Herrero, Mª T., et al. (2012). Impacto científico, costes por incapacidad temporal y repercusión jurídica Las enfermedades de la Columna Lumbar y su relación con el trabajo en España. Seguridad Y Medio Ambiente, 126, Segundo trimestre 2012.
65. Vilchez, Z., Suárez, F., Sosa, D., Torres, M. y Tirado, M. (2011). Factores de riesgo para lumbalgia en trabajadores de almacenes que acuden a una consulta traumatológica en Valencia, Estado Carabobo durante el lapso 2006-2009. VITAE, 48, 1317-987.
66. Waddell, G. (1987, Aug.), Clinical assessment of lumbar impairment. Clin Orthop Relat Res,(221), 110-20.
67. Wody, S. R., Watson, P. J., Roach, N. K. y Urmston, M. (2004). Adjustment to chronic back pain-the relative influence of fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrofhizng, and appraisals of control. Behavior Research and Therapy, 42, 761-74.
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LABOR LUMBALGIA. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERT ASSESSMENTS MADE IN THE DEPARTMENT’S LABOR MEDICINE SECTION OF LEGAL MEDICINE OF THE INVESTIGATION BODY OF THE JUDICIARY, IN 2016. (2020). Medicina Legal De Costa Rica, 34(2). https://www.binasss.sa.cr/ojssalud/index.php/mlcr/article/view/65
