Horner´s Syndrome: literature review
Keywords:
Eyelid ptosis; anisocoria; anhidrosis; brain stem; autonomic nerv Source: DeCS (Descriptors in Health Sciences)Abstract
Horner Syndrome is a condition caused by a heterogeneous group of pathologies. These have in common the damage of the sympathetic pathway. The most common location of the lesion is at the preganglional level, due to trauma or surgeries in the cervical, thoracic or pulmonary apex region. The diagnosis is primarily clinical by identifying the triad of myosis, ptosis and anhidrosis. It is confirmed with the cocaine and hydroxymethamphetamine tests. Treatment is first carried out with pharmacological agents. Those with diminished visual field due to ptosis or cosmetic reasons are undergoing surgical treatment. In this case, the recommended operative approaches for mild ptosis are the Fasanella-Servat procedure, the elevator aponeurosis advance and, in severe cases, the frontalis sling. The objective is to review the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms of SH in order to achieve a systematic approach due to the multiple aetiologies it possesses.
References
1- Abbas A, Manjila S, Singh M, Belle V, Chandar K, Miller J. Johann Friedrich Horner and the Repeated Discovery of Oculosympathoparesis. Neurosurgery. 2015;77(3):486-491.
2- Edwards A. A case of Brown-Sequard syndrome with associated Horner's syndrome after blunt injury to the cervical spine. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2001;18(6):512-513.
3- Barbut D, Gold J, Heinemann M, Hinton R, Trifiletti R. Horner's syndrome after coronary artery bypass surgery. Neurology. 1996;46(1):181-184.
4- Shaw PJ, Bates D, Cartlidge NEF, et al. Early neurological complications of coronary artery bypass surgery. Br Med J 1985;291:1384-1387.
5- Lederman RJ, Breuer AC, Hanson MR, et al. Peripheral ner- vous system complications of coronary artery bypass graft sur- gery. Ann Neurol 1982;12:297-301.
6- Van der Salm TJ, Cereda JM, Cutler BS. Brachial plexus injury following median sternotomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;80:447-452.
7- Stephens JW. Neurological sequelae of congenital heart sur- gery. Arch Neurol 1962;7:450-459.
8- Lyrer P, Brandt T, Metso T, Metso A, Kloss M, Debette S et al. Clinical import of Horner syndrome in internal carotid and vertebral artery dissection. Neurology. 2014;82(18):1653-1659.
9- Jeffery A, Ellis F, Repka M, Buncic J. Pediatric Horner syndrome. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1998;2(3):159-167.
10- Ryan F, Kline L, Gomez C. Congenital Horner’s syndrome resulting from agenesis of the internal carotid artery. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(1):185-188.
11- Ogita S, Tokiwa K, Takahashi T, Imashuku S, Sawada T. Congenital cervical neuroblastoma associated with Horner syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1988;23(11):991-992.
12- Woodruff G, Buncic J, Morin J. Horner's syndrome in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1998;24(1):40.
13- George N, Gonzalez G, Hoyt C. Does Horner's syndrome in infancy require investigation?. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998;82(1):51-54.
14- Musarella M, Chan H, DeBoer G, Gallie B. Ocular Involvement in Neuroblastoma: Prognostic Implications. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(8):936-940.
15- Diesenhouse M, Palay D, Newman N, To K, Albert D. Acquired Heterochromia with Homer Syndrome in Two Adults. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(12):1815-1817.
16- Afifi A, Bergman R. Functional neuroanatomy. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill; 2005.
17- Miller N, Walsh F, Hoyt W. Walsh and Hoyt's clinical neuro-ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
18- Gutman I, Levartovski S, Goldhammer Y, Tadmor R, Findler G. Sixth Nerve Palsy and Unilateral Horner's Syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(7):913-916.
19- Maloney W, Younge B, Moyer N. Evaluation of the Causes and Accuracy of Pharmacologic Localization in Horner's Syndrome. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1980;90(3):394-402.
20- Najem K, Margolin E. A Special Case of Horner Syndrome. JAMA Ophthalmology.
2016;134(10):1193.
21- Pearce J. Wallenberg's syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2000;68(5):570-570.
22- Biousse V, Guevara R, Newman N. Transient Horner's syndrome after lumbar epidural anesthesia. Neurology. 1998;51(5):1473-1475.
23- Perry C, James D, Wixon C, Mills J, Ericksen C. Horner's Syndrome After Carotid Endarterectomy. Vascular Surgery. 2001;35(4):325-327.
24- Fujisawa H, Marukawa K, Kida S, Hasegawa M, Yamashita J, Matsui a. Abducens Nerve Palsy and Ipsilateral Horner Syndrome: A Predicting Sign of Intracranial Carotid Injury in a Head Trauma Patient. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 2001;50(3):554-556.
25- Thompson HS, Miller NR. Disorders of pupillary function, accommodation and lacrimation. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, eds. Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuro-ophthalmology, 5th edn, vol 1. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998: 961–1040.
26- Morrison D, Bibby K, Woodruff G. The "harlequin" sign and congenital Horner's syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1997;62(6):626-628.
27- Kardon R. Are we ready to replace cocaine with apraclonidine in the pharmacologic diagnosis of Horner syndrome? J Neurophthalmol 2005; 25: 69-79. 2. Ophthalmol.1990;110(1):71–76.
28- Kardon RH , DenisonCE, BrownCK, ThompsonHS. Critical evaluation of the cocaine test in the diagnosis of Horner’s syndrome.Arch Ophthalmol.1990;108(12):384–387.
29- Morales J, Brown SM, Abdul-Rahim AS, Crosson CE. Ocular effects of apraclonidine in Horner syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 118: 951-954.
30- Brown SM, Aouchiche R, Freedman KA. The utility of 0.5% apraclonidine in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121: 1201-1203.
31- Mahoney NR , LiuGT, MenackerSJ, WilsonMC, HogartyMD, MarisJM. Pediatric Horner syndrome: etiologies and roles of imaging and urine studies to detect neuroblastoma and other responsible mass lesions.Am J Ophthalmol.2006;142(4):651–659.
32- Koc F. The sensitivity and specificity of 0.5% apraclonidine in the diagnosis of oculosympathetic paresis. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2005;89(11):1442-1444.
33- Kanagalingam S, Miller NR. Horner syndrome: Clinical perspectives. Eye and Brain. 2015 Apr 10;7:35-46.
34- Waqar S, McMurray C, Madge S. Transcutaneous Blepharoptosis Surgery - Advancement of Levator Aponeurosis. The Open Ophthalmology Journal. 2010;4(1):76-80.
35- Garibaldi D, Hindman H, Grant M, Iliff N, Merbs S. Effect of 0.5% Apraclonidine on Ptosis in Horner Syndrome. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 2006;22(1):53-55.
36- Pemberton J, MacIntosh P, Zeglam A, Fay A. Naphazoline as a Confounder in the Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Dissection. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2015;31(2):e33-e35.
37- Lee M, Harrison A, Kardon R. Patient use of Visine (tetrahydrozoline) masks Horner syndrome. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2007;92(1):149-150.
38- Perry J, Kadakia A, Foster J. A New Algorithm for Ptosis Repair Using Conjunctival Müllerectomy With or Without Tarsectomy. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 2002;18(6):426-429.
39- Finsterer J. Ptosis: Causes, Presentation, and Management. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2003;27(3):193-204.
40- Sampath R, Saunders D, Leatherbarrow B. The Fasanella-Servat procedure: A retrospective study. Eye. 1995;9(1):124-125.
41- Frueh B, Musch D, McDonald H. Efficacy and efficiency of a small-incision, minimal dissection procedure versus a traditional approach for correcting aponeurotic ptosis. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(12):2158-2163.
42- Liu D. Ptosis Repair by Single Suture Aponeurotic Tuck. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(2):251-259
2- Edwards A. A case of Brown-Sequard syndrome with associated Horner's syndrome after blunt injury to the cervical spine. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2001;18(6):512-513.
3- Barbut D, Gold J, Heinemann M, Hinton R, Trifiletti R. Horner's syndrome after coronary artery bypass surgery. Neurology. 1996;46(1):181-184.
4- Shaw PJ, Bates D, Cartlidge NEF, et al. Early neurological complications of coronary artery bypass surgery. Br Med J 1985;291:1384-1387.
5- Lederman RJ, Breuer AC, Hanson MR, et al. Peripheral ner- vous system complications of coronary artery bypass graft sur- gery. Ann Neurol 1982;12:297-301.
6- Van der Salm TJ, Cereda JM, Cutler BS. Brachial plexus injury following median sternotomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;80:447-452.
7- Stephens JW. Neurological sequelae of congenital heart sur- gery. Arch Neurol 1962;7:450-459.
8- Lyrer P, Brandt T, Metso T, Metso A, Kloss M, Debette S et al. Clinical import of Horner syndrome in internal carotid and vertebral artery dissection. Neurology. 2014;82(18):1653-1659.
9- Jeffery A, Ellis F, Repka M, Buncic J. Pediatric Horner syndrome. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1998;2(3):159-167.
10- Ryan F, Kline L, Gomez C. Congenital Horner’s syndrome resulting from agenesis of the internal carotid artery. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(1):185-188.
11- Ogita S, Tokiwa K, Takahashi T, Imashuku S, Sawada T. Congenital cervical neuroblastoma associated with Horner syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1988;23(11):991-992.
12- Woodruff G, Buncic J, Morin J. Horner's syndrome in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1998;24(1):40.
13- George N, Gonzalez G, Hoyt C. Does Horner's syndrome in infancy require investigation?. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998;82(1):51-54.
14- Musarella M, Chan H, DeBoer G, Gallie B. Ocular Involvement in Neuroblastoma: Prognostic Implications. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(8):936-940.
15- Diesenhouse M, Palay D, Newman N, To K, Albert D. Acquired Heterochromia with Homer Syndrome in Two Adults. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(12):1815-1817.
16- Afifi A, Bergman R. Functional neuroanatomy. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill; 2005.
17- Miller N, Walsh F, Hoyt W. Walsh and Hoyt's clinical neuro-ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
18- Gutman I, Levartovski S, Goldhammer Y, Tadmor R, Findler G. Sixth Nerve Palsy and Unilateral Horner's Syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(7):913-916.
19- Maloney W, Younge B, Moyer N. Evaluation of the Causes and Accuracy of Pharmacologic Localization in Horner's Syndrome. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1980;90(3):394-402.
20- Najem K, Margolin E. A Special Case of Horner Syndrome. JAMA Ophthalmology.
2016;134(10):1193.
21- Pearce J. Wallenberg's syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2000;68(5):570-570.
22- Biousse V, Guevara R, Newman N. Transient Horner's syndrome after lumbar epidural anesthesia. Neurology. 1998;51(5):1473-1475.
23- Perry C, James D, Wixon C, Mills J, Ericksen C. Horner's Syndrome After Carotid Endarterectomy. Vascular Surgery. 2001;35(4):325-327.
24- Fujisawa H, Marukawa K, Kida S, Hasegawa M, Yamashita J, Matsui a. Abducens Nerve Palsy and Ipsilateral Horner Syndrome: A Predicting Sign of Intracranial Carotid Injury in a Head Trauma Patient. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 2001;50(3):554-556.
25- Thompson HS, Miller NR. Disorders of pupillary function, accommodation and lacrimation. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, eds. Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuro-ophthalmology, 5th edn, vol 1. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998: 961–1040.
26- Morrison D, Bibby K, Woodruff G. The "harlequin" sign and congenital Horner's syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1997;62(6):626-628.
27- Kardon R. Are we ready to replace cocaine with apraclonidine in the pharmacologic diagnosis of Horner syndrome? J Neurophthalmol 2005; 25: 69-79. 2. Ophthalmol.1990;110(1):71–76.
28- Kardon RH , DenisonCE, BrownCK, ThompsonHS. Critical evaluation of the cocaine test in the diagnosis of Horner’s syndrome.Arch Ophthalmol.1990;108(12):384–387.
29- Morales J, Brown SM, Abdul-Rahim AS, Crosson CE. Ocular effects of apraclonidine in Horner syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 118: 951-954.
30- Brown SM, Aouchiche R, Freedman KA. The utility of 0.5% apraclonidine in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121: 1201-1203.
31- Mahoney NR , LiuGT, MenackerSJ, WilsonMC, HogartyMD, MarisJM. Pediatric Horner syndrome: etiologies and roles of imaging and urine studies to detect neuroblastoma and other responsible mass lesions.Am J Ophthalmol.2006;142(4):651–659.
32- Koc F. The sensitivity and specificity of 0.5% apraclonidine in the diagnosis of oculosympathetic paresis. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2005;89(11):1442-1444.
33- Kanagalingam S, Miller NR. Horner syndrome: Clinical perspectives. Eye and Brain. 2015 Apr 10;7:35-46.
34- Waqar S, McMurray C, Madge S. Transcutaneous Blepharoptosis Surgery - Advancement of Levator Aponeurosis. The Open Ophthalmology Journal. 2010;4(1):76-80.
35- Garibaldi D, Hindman H, Grant M, Iliff N, Merbs S. Effect of 0.5% Apraclonidine on Ptosis in Horner Syndrome. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 2006;22(1):53-55.
36- Pemberton J, MacIntosh P, Zeglam A, Fay A. Naphazoline as a Confounder in the Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Dissection. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2015;31(2):e33-e35.
37- Lee M, Harrison A, Kardon R. Patient use of Visine (tetrahydrozoline) masks Horner syndrome. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2007;92(1):149-150.
38- Perry J, Kadakia A, Foster J. A New Algorithm for Ptosis Repair Using Conjunctival Müllerectomy With or Without Tarsectomy. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 2002;18(6):426-429.
39- Finsterer J. Ptosis: Causes, Presentation, and Management. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2003;27(3):193-204.
40- Sampath R, Saunders D, Leatherbarrow B. The Fasanella-Servat procedure: A retrospective study. Eye. 1995;9(1):124-125.
41- Frueh B, Musch D, McDonald H. Efficacy and efficiency of a small-incision, minimal dissection procedure versus a traditional approach for correcting aponeurotic ptosis. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(12):2158-2163.
42- Liu D. Ptosis Repair by Single Suture Aponeurotic Tuck. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(2):251-259
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2020-11-17
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Horner´s Syndrome: literature review. (2020). Medicina Legal De Costa Rica, 37(1). https://www.binasss.sa.cr/ojssalud/index.php/mlcr/article/view/157
