Gastric Carcinoma: literature review
Keywords:
Stomach neoplasms, helicobacter pylori, gastritis, atrophic, metaplasia, endoscopy, gastrointestinalAbstract
Gastric carcinoma is nowadays one of the main causes of mortality worldwide due to neoplasms and especially in countries such as Costa Rica, which is classified as a high incidence country. There are multiple risk factors, starting with Helicobacter pylori infection being the most important one; after the infection a cascade with different lesions is triggered, first it begins with gastric atrophy and then eventually lead to an invasive cancer. There are other factors that can influence a pro-carcinogenic environment such as smoking, obesity, diet, among others. Multiple nations have developed different screening guidelines to reduce mortality, however in countries with high incidence it is still the gold-standard to perform imaging and endoscopy studies after a certain age and depending on risk factors.
References
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3. Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Mathers C, Parkin D, Piñeros M et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. International Journal of Cancer. 2018;144(8):1941-1953.
4. Fuchs C, Mayer R. Gastric Carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;333(1):32-41. doi:10.1056/nejm199507063330107.
5. Feldman M, Friedman L, Brandt L. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease. 10th ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2015.
6. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, et al. Gastric precancerous process in a high risk population: Cohort follow-up. Cancer Res. 1990; 50:4737-40. PMID: 2369748.
7. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. 1994. [Ingreso el 5 de Diciembre del 2019].
8. Correa P. Gastric Cancer: Overview. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2013;42(2):211-217. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2013.01.002.
9. Amieva M, Peek R. Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori–Induced Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(1):64-78. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.004.
10. Karimi P, Islami F, Anandasabapathy S, Freedman N, Kamangar F. Gastric Cancer: Descriptive Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Screening, and Prevention. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2014;23(5):700-713. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1057.
11. D’Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio F, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clinical Nutrition. 2012;31(4):489-498. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.01.003.
12. Ladeiras-Lopes R, Pereira A, Nogueira A, Pinheiro-Torres T, Pinto I, Santos-Pereira R et al. Smoking and gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cancer Causes & Control. 2008;19(7):689-701. doi:10.1007/s10552-008-9132-y.
13. Sjödahl K, Lu Y, Nilsen T, Ye W, Hveem K, Vatten L et al. Smoking and alcohol drinking in relation to risk of gastric cancer: A population-based, prospective cohort study. International Journal of Cancer. 2006;120(1):128-132. doi:10.1002/ijc.22157
14. Larsson S, Giovannucci E, Wolk A. Alcoholic beverage consumption and gastric cancer risk: A prospective population-based study in women. International Journal of Cancer. 2006;120(2):373-377. doi:10.1002/ijc.22204.
15. Gammon M, Schoenberg J, Ahsan H, Risch H, Vaughan T, Chow W et al. Tobacco, alcohol, and socioeconomic status and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997;89(17):1277-1284. doi:10.1093/jnci/89.17.1277
16. Chen Y, Liu L, Wang X, Wang J, Yan Z, Cheng J, et al. Body mass index and risk of gastric cancer: ameta-analysis of a population with more than ten million from 24 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22:1395–408. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.
17. Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Nakaizumi A, Okuda S, Taniguchi H, Hiyama T et al. Fundal atrophic gastritis as a risk factor for gastric cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 1993;53(1):70-74. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910530114
18. Leung W, Sung J. Intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinogenesis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002;16(7):1209-1216. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01300.x
19. de Vries A, van Grieken N, Looman C, Casparie M, de Vries E, Meijer G et al. Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients With Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Nationwide Cohort Study in the Netherlands. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(4):945-952. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.071
20. Burt R. Gastric fundic gland polyps. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(5):1462-1469. doi:10.1016/j.gastro.2003.07.017
21. Jalving M, Koornstra J, Wesseling J, Beozen H, De Jong S, Kleibeuker J. Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2006;24(9):1341-1348. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03127.x
22. Markowski A, Markowska A, Guzinska-Ustymowicz K. Pathophysiological and clinical aspects of gastric hyperplastic polyps. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016;22(40):8883. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i40.8883
23. Kamiya T, Morishita T, Asakura H, Miura S, Munakata Y, Tsuchiya M. Long-term follow-up study on gastric adenoma and its relation to gastric protruded carcinoma. Cancer. 1982;50(11):2496-2503.doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19821201)50:11<2496::aid-cncr2820501140>3.0.co;2-1.
24. Argüello Viúdez L, Córdova H, Uchima H, Sánchez-Montes C, Ginès À, Araujo I et al. Pólipos gástricos: análisis retrospectivo de 41.253 endoscopias digestivas altas. Gastroenterología y Hepatología. 2017;40(8):507-514. doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2017.01.003
25. Viste A, Opheim P, Thunold J, Eide G, Bjørnestad E, Skarstein A et al. Risk of carcinoma following gastric operations for benign disease. Lancet. 1986;328(8505):502-505. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90368-5
26. Lundegårdh G, Adami H, Helmick C, Zack M, Meirik O. Stomach Cancer after Partial Gastrectomy for Benign Ulcer Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 1988;319(4):195-200. doi:10.1056/nejm198807283190402
27. Hansson L, Nyrén O, Hsing A, Bergström R, Josefsson S, Chow W et al. The Risk of Stomach Cancer in Patients with Gastric or Duodenal Ulcer Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;335(4):242-249. doi:10.1056/nejm199607253350404.
28. Pasechnikov V. Gastric cancer: Prevention, screening and early diagnosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;20(38):13842. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13842
29. Hamashima C. Update version of the Japanese Guidelines for Gastric Cancer Screening. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2018;48(7):673-683. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyy077.
30. Craanen M, Dekker W, Ferwerda J, Blok P, Tytgat G. Early Gastric Cancer: A Clinicopathologic Study. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1991;13(3):274-283. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(87)90443-8
31. Morgenstern L. The Virchow-Troisier node: A historical note. The American Journal of Surgery. 1979;138(5):703. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(79)90353-2.
32. Pieslor P, Hefter L. Umbilical metastasis from prostatic carcinoma—Sister Joseph nodule. Urology. 1986;27(6):558-559. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(86)90346-8
33. Gilliland R, Gill P. Incidence and prognosis of Krukenberg tumour in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Surgery. 1992;79(12):1364-1366. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800791241
34. Ballantyne K, Morris D, Jones J, Gregson R, Hardcastle J. Accuracy of identification of early gastric cancer. British Journal of Surgery. 1987;74(7):618-619. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800740728
35. Correa P, Piazuelo B, Wilson K. Pathology of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia: Clinical Implications. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;105(3):493-498. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.728
36. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Areia M, de Vries A, Marcos-Pinto R, Monteiro-Soares M, O’Connor A et al. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Endoscopy. 2011;44(01):74-94. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1291491
37. Yao K. Clinical Application of Magnifying Endoscopy with Narrow-Band Imaging in the Stomach. Clinical Endoscopy. 2015;48(6):481-490. doi:10.5946/ce.2015.48.6.481
38. Kanahara Shuppan. The General Rules for the Gastric Cancer Study in Surgery and Pathology, 12th ed., Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer, 1993.
39. Montiel-Roa A, Quevedo-Corrales R, Fernández-Pereira C, Dragotto-Galvan A. Survival and quality of life in patients gastrectomized by gastric cancer. Cirugía paraguaya. 2019;43(1):20-26.
40. Bourke M, Neuhaus H, Bergman J. Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: Indications and Application in Western Endoscopy Practice. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(7):1887-1900.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.068
41. Smyth E, Verheij M, Allum W, Cunningham D, Cervantes A, Arnold D. Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2016;27:v38-v49. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdw350
42. Choi J, Kim S, Im J, Kim J, Jung H, Song I. Endoscopic prediction of tumor invasion depth in early gastrghic cancer. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2011;73(5):917-927. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2010.11.053.
43. Folli S, Dente M, Dell'Amore D, Gaudio M, Nanni O, Saragoni L et al. Early gastric cancer: Prognostic factors in 223 patients. British Journal of Surgery. 1995;82(7):952-956. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800820732
44. Kitamura K, Yamaguchi T, Okamoto K, Taniguchi H, Hagiwara A, Sawai K et al. Total gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1995;60(2):83-88. doi:10.1002/jso.2930600204
45. Kwon Y, Heo J, Lee H, Cho C, Jeon S. Failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication and age are independent risk factors for recurrent neoplasia after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer in 283 patients. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2014;39(6):609-618. doi:10.1111/apt.12633
46. Waddell T, Verheij M, Allum W, Cunningham D, Cervantes A, Arnold D. Gastric cancer: ESMO–ESSO–ESTRO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2014;40(5):584-591. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2013.09.020
47. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2014 (ver. 4). Gastric Cancer. 2016;20(1):1-19. doi:10.1007/s10120-016-0622-4
48. Tsukuma H. Natural history of early gastric cancer: a non-concurrent, long term, follow up study. Gut. 2000;47(5):618-621. doi:10.1136/gut.47.5.618
49. Kohli Y, Kawai K, Fujita S. Analytical Studies on Growth of Human Gastric Cancer. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1981;3(2):129-134. doi:10.1097/00004836-198106000-00005
50. Maehara Y, Orita H, Okuyama T, Moriguchi S, Tsujitani S, Korenaga D et al. Predictors of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer. British Journal of Surgery. 1992;79(3):245-247.
doi:10.1002/bjs.1800790320
51. Okada K, Fujisaki J, Yoshida T, Ishikawa H, Suganuma T, Kasuga A et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for undifferentiated-type early gastric cancer. Endoscopy. 2012;44(02):122-127. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1291486
52. Yoon H, Kim S, Choi J, Im J, Kim J, Kim W et al. Risk factors of residual or recurrent tumor in patients with a tumor-positive resection margin after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Surgical Endoscopy. 2012;27(5):1561-1568. doi:10.1007/s00464-012-2627-3
53. Horiki N, Omata F, Uemura M, Suzuki S, Ishii N, Fukuda K et al. Risk for local recurrence of early gastric cancer treated with piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection during a 10-year follow-up period. Surgical Endoscopy. 2011;26(1):72-78. doi:10.1007/s00464-011-1830-y
54. Oka S, Tanaka S, Kaneko I, Mouri R, Hirata M, Kawamura T et al. Advantage of endoscopic submucosal dissection compared with EMR for early gastric cancer. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2006;64(6):877-883. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2006.03.932
55. Tanabe S, Ishido K, Higuchi K, Sasaki T, Katada C, Azuma M et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a retrospective comparison with conventional endoscopic resection in a single center. Gastric Cancer. 2013;17(1):130-136. doi:10.1007/s10120-013-0241-2
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2. Miyahara R, Niwa Y, Matsuura T, Maeda O, Ando T, Ohmiya N et al. Prevalence and prognosis of gastric cancer detected by screening in a large Japanese population: Data from a single institute over 30 years. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2007;22(9):1435-1442.
3. Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Mathers C, Parkin D, Piñeros M et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. International Journal of Cancer. 2018;144(8):1941-1953.
4. Fuchs C, Mayer R. Gastric Carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;333(1):32-41. doi:10.1056/nejm199507063330107.
5. Feldman M, Friedman L, Brandt L. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease. 10th ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2015.
6. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, et al. Gastric precancerous process in a high risk population: Cohort follow-up. Cancer Res. 1990; 50:4737-40. PMID: 2369748.
7. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. 1994. [Ingreso el 5 de Diciembre del 2019].
8. Correa P. Gastric Cancer: Overview. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2013;42(2):211-217. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2013.01.002.
9. Amieva M, Peek R. Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori–Induced Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(1):64-78. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.004.
10. Karimi P, Islami F, Anandasabapathy S, Freedman N, Kamangar F. Gastric Cancer: Descriptive Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Screening, and Prevention. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2014;23(5):700-713. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1057.
11. D’Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio F, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clinical Nutrition. 2012;31(4):489-498. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.01.003.
12. Ladeiras-Lopes R, Pereira A, Nogueira A, Pinheiro-Torres T, Pinto I, Santos-Pereira R et al. Smoking and gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cancer Causes & Control. 2008;19(7):689-701. doi:10.1007/s10552-008-9132-y.
13. Sjödahl K, Lu Y, Nilsen T, Ye W, Hveem K, Vatten L et al. Smoking and alcohol drinking in relation to risk of gastric cancer: A population-based, prospective cohort study. International Journal of Cancer. 2006;120(1):128-132. doi:10.1002/ijc.22157
14. Larsson S, Giovannucci E, Wolk A. Alcoholic beverage consumption and gastric cancer risk: A prospective population-based study in women. International Journal of Cancer. 2006;120(2):373-377. doi:10.1002/ijc.22204.
15. Gammon M, Schoenberg J, Ahsan H, Risch H, Vaughan T, Chow W et al. Tobacco, alcohol, and socioeconomic status and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997;89(17):1277-1284. doi:10.1093/jnci/89.17.1277
16. Chen Y, Liu L, Wang X, Wang J, Yan Z, Cheng J, et al. Body mass index and risk of gastric cancer: ameta-analysis of a population with more than ten million from 24 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22:1395–408. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.
17. Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Nakaizumi A, Okuda S, Taniguchi H, Hiyama T et al. Fundal atrophic gastritis as a risk factor for gastric cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 1993;53(1):70-74. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910530114
18. Leung W, Sung J. Intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinogenesis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002;16(7):1209-1216. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01300.x
19. de Vries A, van Grieken N, Looman C, Casparie M, de Vries E, Meijer G et al. Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients With Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Nationwide Cohort Study in the Netherlands. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(4):945-952. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.071
20. Burt R. Gastric fundic gland polyps. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(5):1462-1469. doi:10.1016/j.gastro.2003.07.017
21. Jalving M, Koornstra J, Wesseling J, Beozen H, De Jong S, Kleibeuker J. Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2006;24(9):1341-1348. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03127.x
22. Markowski A, Markowska A, Guzinska-Ustymowicz K. Pathophysiological and clinical aspects of gastric hyperplastic polyps. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016;22(40):8883. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i40.8883
23. Kamiya T, Morishita T, Asakura H, Miura S, Munakata Y, Tsuchiya M. Long-term follow-up study on gastric adenoma and its relation to gastric protruded carcinoma. Cancer. 1982;50(11):2496-2503.doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19821201)50:11<2496::aid-cncr2820501140>3.0.co;2-1.
24. Argüello Viúdez L, Córdova H, Uchima H, Sánchez-Montes C, Ginès À, Araujo I et al. Pólipos gástricos: análisis retrospectivo de 41.253 endoscopias digestivas altas. Gastroenterología y Hepatología. 2017;40(8):507-514. doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2017.01.003
25. Viste A, Opheim P, Thunold J, Eide G, Bjørnestad E, Skarstein A et al. Risk of carcinoma following gastric operations for benign disease. Lancet. 1986;328(8505):502-505. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90368-5
26. Lundegårdh G, Adami H, Helmick C, Zack M, Meirik O. Stomach Cancer after Partial Gastrectomy for Benign Ulcer Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 1988;319(4):195-200. doi:10.1056/nejm198807283190402
27. Hansson L, Nyrén O, Hsing A, Bergström R, Josefsson S, Chow W et al. The Risk of Stomach Cancer in Patients with Gastric or Duodenal Ulcer Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;335(4):242-249. doi:10.1056/nejm199607253350404.
28. Pasechnikov V. Gastric cancer: Prevention, screening and early diagnosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;20(38):13842. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13842
29. Hamashima C. Update version of the Japanese Guidelines for Gastric Cancer Screening. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2018;48(7):673-683. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyy077.
30. Craanen M, Dekker W, Ferwerda J, Blok P, Tytgat G. Early Gastric Cancer: A Clinicopathologic Study. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1991;13(3):274-283. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(87)90443-8
31. Morgenstern L. The Virchow-Troisier node: A historical note. The American Journal of Surgery. 1979;138(5):703. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(79)90353-2.
32. Pieslor P, Hefter L. Umbilical metastasis from prostatic carcinoma—Sister Joseph nodule. Urology. 1986;27(6):558-559. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(86)90346-8
33. Gilliland R, Gill P. Incidence and prognosis of Krukenberg tumour in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Surgery. 1992;79(12):1364-1366. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800791241
34. Ballantyne K, Morris D, Jones J, Gregson R, Hardcastle J. Accuracy of identification of early gastric cancer. British Journal of Surgery. 1987;74(7):618-619. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800740728
35. Correa P, Piazuelo B, Wilson K. Pathology of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia: Clinical Implications. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;105(3):493-498. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.728
36. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Areia M, de Vries A, Marcos-Pinto R, Monteiro-Soares M, O’Connor A et al. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Endoscopy. 2011;44(01):74-94. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1291491
37. Yao K. Clinical Application of Magnifying Endoscopy with Narrow-Band Imaging in the Stomach. Clinical Endoscopy. 2015;48(6):481-490. doi:10.5946/ce.2015.48.6.481
38. Kanahara Shuppan. The General Rules for the Gastric Cancer Study in Surgery and Pathology, 12th ed., Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer, 1993.
39. Montiel-Roa A, Quevedo-Corrales R, Fernández-Pereira C, Dragotto-Galvan A. Survival and quality of life in patients gastrectomized by gastric cancer. Cirugía paraguaya. 2019;43(1):20-26.
40. Bourke M, Neuhaus H, Bergman J. Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: Indications and Application in Western Endoscopy Practice. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(7):1887-1900.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.068
41. Smyth E, Verheij M, Allum W, Cunningham D, Cervantes A, Arnold D. Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2016;27:v38-v49. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdw350
42. Choi J, Kim S, Im J, Kim J, Jung H, Song I. Endoscopic prediction of tumor invasion depth in early gastrghic cancer. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2011;73(5):917-927. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2010.11.053.
43. Folli S, Dente M, Dell'Amore D, Gaudio M, Nanni O, Saragoni L et al. Early gastric cancer: Prognostic factors in 223 patients. British Journal of Surgery. 1995;82(7):952-956. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800820732
44. Kitamura K, Yamaguchi T, Okamoto K, Taniguchi H, Hagiwara A, Sawai K et al. Total gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1995;60(2):83-88. doi:10.1002/jso.2930600204
45. Kwon Y, Heo J, Lee H, Cho C, Jeon S. Failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication and age are independent risk factors for recurrent neoplasia after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer in 283 patients. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2014;39(6):609-618. doi:10.1111/apt.12633
46. Waddell T, Verheij M, Allum W, Cunningham D, Cervantes A, Arnold D. Gastric cancer: ESMO–ESSO–ESTRO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2014;40(5):584-591. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2013.09.020
47. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2014 (ver. 4). Gastric Cancer. 2016;20(1):1-19. doi:10.1007/s10120-016-0622-4
48. Tsukuma H. Natural history of early gastric cancer: a non-concurrent, long term, follow up study. Gut. 2000;47(5):618-621. doi:10.1136/gut.47.5.618
49. Kohli Y, Kawai K, Fujita S. Analytical Studies on Growth of Human Gastric Cancer. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1981;3(2):129-134. doi:10.1097/00004836-198106000-00005
50. Maehara Y, Orita H, Okuyama T, Moriguchi S, Tsujitani S, Korenaga D et al. Predictors of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer. British Journal of Surgery. 1992;79(3):245-247.
doi:10.1002/bjs.1800790320
51. Okada K, Fujisaki J, Yoshida T, Ishikawa H, Suganuma T, Kasuga A et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for undifferentiated-type early gastric cancer. Endoscopy. 2012;44(02):122-127. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1291486
52. Yoon H, Kim S, Choi J, Im J, Kim J, Kim W et al. Risk factors of residual or recurrent tumor in patients with a tumor-positive resection margin after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Surgical Endoscopy. 2012;27(5):1561-1568. doi:10.1007/s00464-012-2627-3
53. Horiki N, Omata F, Uemura M, Suzuki S, Ishii N, Fukuda K et al. Risk for local recurrence of early gastric cancer treated with piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection during a 10-year follow-up period. Surgical Endoscopy. 2011;26(1):72-78. doi:10.1007/s00464-011-1830-y
54. Oka S, Tanaka S, Kaneko I, Mouri R, Hirata M, Kawamura T et al. Advantage of endoscopic submucosal dissection compared with EMR for early gastric cancer. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2006;64(6):877-883. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2006.03.932
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2020-11-17
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Gastric Carcinoma: literature review. (2020). Medicina Legal De Costa Rica, 37(1). https://www.binasss.sa.cr/ojssalud/index.php/mlcr/article/view/148
