Contaminación del aire: efectos sobre la salud
Keywords:
Contaminación del aire, material particulado, niebla, smog, neblina, deforestación, volcanesAbstract
Background: Air contamination happens when unsafe or inordinate amounts of substances including gases, particles, and organic atoms are brought into Earth's climate. Objective: This review article defines air pollution, describes the types of pollutants, enumerates the various causative factors, enumerates the ways it impacts human health and suggests preventive measures to reduce the impact of air pollution on human health. Methods: Literature was studied extensively and effects of air pollution on human health have been described. Results and Conclusion: Air pollution has tremendous effects on human health in the form of respiratory diseases and aggravations in the form of asthma and lung cancer, cardiovascular dysfunctions, and malignant growth. An affiliation has been found to exist between male infertility and air pollution and a relationship has been established between air contamination and higher danger of immune dysfunction, neuroinflammation, neurobehavioral hyperactivity, crime, age-unseemly behaviours, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Traffic-related air pollutants have been found to affect skin aging and cause pigmentedspots on the face. An association exists between air pollution and irritation of the eyes, dry eye syndrome, risk for retinopathy and adverse ocular outcomes. Chronic exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy has been associated with adverse effects on the developing foetus in the form of low birth weight and still birth. Air contamination has been seen as a significant supporter of the expanded predominance of allergic diseases in children.
References
2. Kelly FJ, Fussell JC. Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk. Environ Geochem Health. 2015;37(4):631–649. doi:10.1007/s10653-015-9720-1
3. Rumana HS, Sharma RC, Beniwal V, Sharma AK. A retrospective approach to assess human health risks associated with growing air pollution in urbanized area of Thar Desert, Western Rajasthan, India. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2014;12:23.
4. Yamamoto SS, Phalkey R, Malik AA. A systematic review of air pollution as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in South Asia: Limited evidence from India and Pakistan. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014;217:133–44.
5. Zhang W, Qian CN, Zeng YX. Air pollution: A smoking gun for cancer. Chin J Cancer. 2014;33:173–5.
6. Zhou N, Cui Z, Yang S, Han X, Chen G, Zhou Z, et al. Air pollution and decreased semen quality: A comparative study of Chongqing urban and rural areas. Environ Pollut. 2014;187:145–52.
7. Bentayeb M, Simoni M, Norback D, Baldacci S, Maio S, Viegi G, et al. Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2013;48:1783–9.
8. Gao Y, Chan EY, Li L, Lau PW, Wong TW. Chronic effects of ambient air pollution on respiratory morbidities among Chinese children: A cross-sectional study in Hong Kong. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:105.
9. Weisel CP. Assessing exposure to air toxics relative to asthma. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(Suppl 4):527–37.
10. Brunekreef B, Beelen R, Hoek G, Schouten L, Bausch-Goldbohm S, Fischer P, et al. Effects of longterm exposure to traffic-related air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in the Netherlands: The NLCS-AIR study. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2009;139:5–71.
11. Nogueira JB. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Rev Port Cardiol. 2009;28:715–33.
12. Newman NC, Ryan P, Lemasters G, Levin L, Bernstein D, Hershey GK, et al. Traffic-related air pollution exposure in the first year of life and behavioral scores at 7 years of age. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121:731–6.
13. Haynes EN, Chen A, Ryan P, Succop P, Wright J, Dietrich KN. Exposure to airborne metals and particulate matter and risk for youth adjudicated for criminal activity. Environ Res. 2011;111:1243–8.
14. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Mora-Tiscareño A, Ontiveros E, Gómez-Garza G, Barragán-Mejía G, Broadway J, et al. Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: A pilot study with children and dogs. Brain Cogn. 2008;68:117–27.
15. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Solt AC, Henríquez-Roldán C, Torres-Jardón R, Nuse B, Herritt L, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid beta-42 and alpha-synuclein in children and young adults. Toxicol Pathol. 2008;36:289–310.
16. Rotton J, Frey J, Barry T, Milligan M, Fitzpatrick M. The air pollution experience and physical aggression1. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1979;9:397–412.
17. Vierkötter A, Schikowski T, Ranft U, Sugiri D, Matsui M, Krämer U, et al. Airborne particle exposure and extrinsic skin aging. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130:2719–26.
18. Hadnagy W, Stiller-Winkler R, Idel H. Immunological alterations in sera of persons living in areas with different air pollution. Toxicol Lett. 1996;88:147–53.
19. Rozanova E, Heilig P, Godnic-Cvar J. The eye – A neglected organ in environmental and occupational medicine: An overview of known environmental and occupational non-traumatic effects on the eyes. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2009;60:205–15.
20. Backes C.H., Nelin T., Gorr M.W., Wold L.E. Early life exposure to air pollution: How bad is it? Toxicol. Lett. 2013;216:47–53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.007.
21. Lakshmi P.V.M., Virdi N.K., Sharma A., Tripathy J.P., Smith K.R., Bates M.N., Kumar R. Hosehold air pollution and stillbirth in India: Analysis of the DLHS-II National Survey. Environ. Res. 2013;121:17–22. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.12.004.
22. Leung T.F., Ko F.W., Wong G.W. Roles of pollution in the prevalence and exacerbations of allergic diseases in Asia. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2012;129:42–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.031.
23. Romieu I, Riojas-Rodríguez H, Marrón-Mares AT, et al. Improved biomass stove intervention in rural Mexico: impact on the respiratory health of women. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009;180:649–56.
24. Smith-Sivertsen T, Díaz E, Pope D, et al. Effect of reducing indoor air pollution on women's respiratory symptoms and lung function: the Respire Randomized Trial, Guatemala. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009;170:211–20.
25. Escobedo FJ, Kroeger T, Wagner JE. Urban forests and pollution mitigation: analyzing ecosystem services and disservices. Environ. Pollut. 2011;159:2078–87.
26. Smith KR, McCracken JP, Weber MW, et al. Effect of reduction in household air pollution on childhood pneumonia in Guatemala (RESPIRE): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378:1717–26.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The intellectual property of accepted works belongs to their authors, however access to them is totally open and free, so they can be reproduced totally or partially with the only limitation of recognizing the authorship and the source of publication (Revista Medicina Legal de Costa Rica), as long as said exploitation does not have commercial character.
