Penitentiary System and old age: contributions of the forensic neuropsychological evaluation
Keywords:
Neuropsychology, adulthood, evaluation, protocolAbstract
Introduction: Population ageing has become a priority between the attention and care systems but still deals with myths and discrimination, being the older adults incarcerated in the prison system a population with a greater risk of exclusion and that have neuropsychological characteristics that need attention. Therefore, a first approach was carried out in Costa Rica in the Institutional Adult Care Center from the forensic neuropsychology, to improve the available protocols for the evaluation of the older adult population. Method: A final graduation work was carried out in a guided practice format for 858 hours both in person and remotely, in the period from April 2017 to April 2018, participating in the processes of forensic neuropsychological evaluation, preparation of a protocol of forensic neuropsychological evaluation and participation in psychoeducational processes on substance use and sexual violence. Results: In total 40 male people, between 58 and 85 years of age, were attended. With sociodemographic and health variables such as low schooling (45%), with a history of cranioencephalic trauma (67%) and most of them committed sexual abuse (55%). A neuropsychological evaluation protocol was elaborated that includes an interview and observation module, evaluation of mood and evaluation of cognitive functioning module.
References
1. Chiviacowsky, S., Lopes, P & Chalabaev, A. Age stereotypes’ effects on motor learning in older adults: The impact may not be inmediate, but instead delayed. Psychology of Sport & Exercise,. 2018; 36: 209-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.02.012
2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Handbook for prisoners with special needs. Vienna, Austria: Author. 2009. Recuperado de https://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Handbook_on_Prisoners_with_Special_Needs.pdf
3. Organización Mundial de la Salud. (OMS). Reporte Mundial en Envejecimiento y Salud. Ginebra: OMS. 2005.
4. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. Encuesta Nacional de Hogares. 2018. Recuperado de http://www.inec.go.cr/social/poblacion-adulta-mayor
5. Ministerio de Justicia y Paz. Estadísticas. 2018. Recuperado de http://www.mjp.go.cr/Home/Estadisticas
6. Blanco, T. Ansiedad ante la muerte y factores de vulnerabilidad asociados en ofensores sexuales recluidos en el Centro de Atención Institucional Adulto Mayor. Anales en Gerontología, 2016; 7: 26-40. Recuperado de http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/gerontologia/article/view/17568/17067
7. Leal, M., Solozar, R., Ruiz, J. Motivos de consulta de la población privada de libertad en el Centro de Atención Institucional Adulto Mayor de San Rafael de Alajuela. Rev. costarric. salud pública. 2004; 13(24). Recuperado de http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1409-14292004000100004#a2
8. Leal, M., Solozar, R. Prevalencia de depresión en la población privada de libertad del centro de atención institucional adulto mayor del ministerio de justicia. Rev. costarric. salud pública. 2004; 13 (25): 55-59. Recuperado dehttp://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S1409-14292004000200007&script=sci_abstract
9. Aragón, J. Proceso de atención gerontológica para los adultos mayores privados de libertad del Centro de Atención Institucional Adulto Mayor. Manuscrito inédito. San Pedro, Costa Rica. 2006.
10. Ministerio de Justicia y Paz. Dirección General de Adaptación Social. 2016. Recuperado de http://www.mjp.go.cr/Dependencias/DGASDetalles
11. Baidawi, S., Trotter, C. Psychological Distress Among Older Prisoners: Associations With Health, Health Care Utilization, and the Prison Environment. Journal of Correctional Health Care. 2016; 22 (4): 354-366. doi: 10.1177/1078345816669964
12. Maschi, T., Viola, D., Morgen, K. Unraveling Trauma and Stress, Coping Resources, and Mental Well-Being Among Older Adults in Prison: Empirical Evidence Linking Theory and Practice. The Gerontologist. 2013; 54 (5): 857-967. doi:10.1093/geront/gnt069
13. Maschi, T., Kwak, J., Ko, E., Morrisey, M. Forget me not: Dementia in Prison. The Gerontologist. 2012; 52 (4): 441-451. doi:10.1093/geront/gnr131
14. Denney, R., Tyner, E. Criminal Law, Competency, Insanity, and Dangerousness: Competency to Proceed. En MacNeill-Horton, A., Hartlage, L. (Ed). Handbook of forensic Neuropsychology. New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC; 2012. p. 211-234.
15. Rodriguez, M., Boyce, P., Hodges, J. A neuropsychological study of older adult first-time sex offenders, Neurocase, 2017. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2017.1334802
16. Blasingame, D. Traumatic Brain Injury and Sexually Offensive Behaviors, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2018. doi: 10.1080/10538712.2018.1510454
17. Greiffenstein, M & Kaufmann, P. Neuropsychology and the law: Principles of Productive Attorney Neuropsychologist Relations. En Larrabee, G. (Ed). Forensic Neuropsychology: A scientific approach. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. p. 3-22
18. Leonard, E. Forensic Neuropsychology and expert witness: an overview of forensic practice. International Journal of law and psychiatry. 2015; 42(43): 177-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.023
19. Huettig, F., Kolinsky, R., Lachmann, T. The culturally coopted brain: how literacy affects the human mind. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. 2018; 33(3): 275-277, doi: 10.1080/23273798.2018.1425803
20. Lezak, M., Howieson, D., Bigler, E., Tranel, D. Neuropsychological Assessment. New York, Oxford University Press; 2012.
21. Ardila, A., Bertolucci, P., Braga, L., Castro-Caldas, A., Judd, T., Kosmidis, M., Matute, E., Nitrini, R. Ostrosky, F., Roselli, M. The neuropsychology of cognition without reading. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2010; 25: 689-712.
22. Ostrosky-Solís, F. Ardila, A & Rosselli, M. Test Neuropsi. México: Universidad Autónoma de México; 2018.
23. Portellano, J., Martínez, R. TESen. Test de los Senderos para la Evaluación de las Funciones Ejecutivas. Madrid: TEA Ediciones; 2014.
24. Jurica, P., Leitten, C., Mattis, S. Escala de Puntuación de Demencia-2. Estados Unidos: PAR Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc; 1988.
25. Goodglas H, Kaplan E y Barresi B. Evaluación de la Afasia y de Trastornos Relacionados. (3ra Ed). Madrid Ed. Panamericana; 2005.
26. García, A., Sánchez, G., Aliaga, A. Validez ecológica y actividades de la vida diaria en el contexto forense. En Jarne, A. y Aliaga, A. (comps.). Manual de neuropsicología forense: De la clínica a los tribunales. Barcelona: Herder Editorial; 2010. p. 159-202.
27. Morimoto, S. S., Kanellopoulos, D., & Alexopoulos, G. S. Cognitive Impairment in Depressed Older Adults: Implications for Prognosis and Treatment. Psychiatric annals. 2014; 44(3): 138–142. doi:10.3928/00485713-20140306-0
28. Yesavage, J. & Brink, T. Development and validation of a Geriatric Depression Screening Scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1983; 17: 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
29. Tombaugh, T. Test of Malingering. Canadá: Multi-Health Systems Inc; 1996.
30. Tombaugh, T., Vilar-López, R., Peréz, M., Puente, A. (trad). Test de simulación de problemas de memoria [Test of memory malingering, (TOMM)]. Madrid: TEA EDICIONES; 2011.
31. Allely, C. Prevalence and assessment of traumatic brain injury in prison inmates: A systematic PRISMA review. Brain Injury. 2016. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1191674
32. Kosmidis, M. Challenges in the neuropsychological assessment of illiterate older adults. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. 2017. doi: 10.1080/23273798.2017.1379605
33. Larrabee, G. A scientific approach to forensic neuropsychology. En Larrabee, G. (Ed). Forensic Neuropsychology: A scientific approach. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012. p. 3-22.
34. Wesseling, C., van Wendel de Joode, B., Keifer, M., London, L., Mergler, D., Stallones, L. Symptoms of psychological distress and suicidal ideation among banana workers with a history of poisoning by organophosphate or n-methyl carbamate pesticides. Occup Environ Med. 2010; 67: 778-784. doi:10.1136/oem.2009.047266
2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Handbook for prisoners with special needs. Vienna, Austria: Author. 2009. Recuperado de https://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Handbook_on_Prisoners_with_Special_Needs.pdf
3. Organización Mundial de la Salud. (OMS). Reporte Mundial en Envejecimiento y Salud. Ginebra: OMS. 2005.
4. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. Encuesta Nacional de Hogares. 2018. Recuperado de http://www.inec.go.cr/social/poblacion-adulta-mayor
5. Ministerio de Justicia y Paz. Estadísticas. 2018. Recuperado de http://www.mjp.go.cr/Home/Estadisticas
6. Blanco, T. Ansiedad ante la muerte y factores de vulnerabilidad asociados en ofensores sexuales recluidos en el Centro de Atención Institucional Adulto Mayor. Anales en Gerontología, 2016; 7: 26-40. Recuperado de http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/gerontologia/article/view/17568/17067
7. Leal, M., Solozar, R., Ruiz, J. Motivos de consulta de la población privada de libertad en el Centro de Atención Institucional Adulto Mayor de San Rafael de Alajuela. Rev. costarric. salud pública. 2004; 13(24). Recuperado de http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1409-14292004000100004#a2
8. Leal, M., Solozar, R. Prevalencia de depresión en la población privada de libertad del centro de atención institucional adulto mayor del ministerio de justicia. Rev. costarric. salud pública. 2004; 13 (25): 55-59. Recuperado dehttp://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S1409-14292004000200007&script=sci_abstract
9. Aragón, J. Proceso de atención gerontológica para los adultos mayores privados de libertad del Centro de Atención Institucional Adulto Mayor. Manuscrito inédito. San Pedro, Costa Rica. 2006.
10. Ministerio de Justicia y Paz. Dirección General de Adaptación Social. 2016. Recuperado de http://www.mjp.go.cr/Dependencias/DGASDetalles
11. Baidawi, S., Trotter, C. Psychological Distress Among Older Prisoners: Associations With Health, Health Care Utilization, and the Prison Environment. Journal of Correctional Health Care. 2016; 22 (4): 354-366. doi: 10.1177/1078345816669964
12. Maschi, T., Viola, D., Morgen, K. Unraveling Trauma and Stress, Coping Resources, and Mental Well-Being Among Older Adults in Prison: Empirical Evidence Linking Theory and Practice. The Gerontologist. 2013; 54 (5): 857-967. doi:10.1093/geront/gnt069
13. Maschi, T., Kwak, J., Ko, E., Morrisey, M. Forget me not: Dementia in Prison. The Gerontologist. 2012; 52 (4): 441-451. doi:10.1093/geront/gnr131
14. Denney, R., Tyner, E. Criminal Law, Competency, Insanity, and Dangerousness: Competency to Proceed. En MacNeill-Horton, A., Hartlage, L. (Ed). Handbook of forensic Neuropsychology. New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC; 2012. p. 211-234.
15. Rodriguez, M., Boyce, P., Hodges, J. A neuropsychological study of older adult first-time sex offenders, Neurocase, 2017. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2017.1334802
16. Blasingame, D. Traumatic Brain Injury and Sexually Offensive Behaviors, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2018. doi: 10.1080/10538712.2018.1510454
17. Greiffenstein, M & Kaufmann, P. Neuropsychology and the law: Principles of Productive Attorney Neuropsychologist Relations. En Larrabee, G. (Ed). Forensic Neuropsychology: A scientific approach. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. p. 3-22
18. Leonard, E. Forensic Neuropsychology and expert witness: an overview of forensic practice. International Journal of law and psychiatry. 2015; 42(43): 177-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.023
19. Huettig, F., Kolinsky, R., Lachmann, T. The culturally coopted brain: how literacy affects the human mind. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. 2018; 33(3): 275-277, doi: 10.1080/23273798.2018.1425803
20. Lezak, M., Howieson, D., Bigler, E., Tranel, D. Neuropsychological Assessment. New York, Oxford University Press; 2012.
21. Ardila, A., Bertolucci, P., Braga, L., Castro-Caldas, A., Judd, T., Kosmidis, M., Matute, E., Nitrini, R. Ostrosky, F., Roselli, M. The neuropsychology of cognition without reading. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2010; 25: 689-712.
22. Ostrosky-Solís, F. Ardila, A & Rosselli, M. Test Neuropsi. México: Universidad Autónoma de México; 2018.
23. Portellano, J., Martínez, R. TESen. Test de los Senderos para la Evaluación de las Funciones Ejecutivas. Madrid: TEA Ediciones; 2014.
24. Jurica, P., Leitten, C., Mattis, S. Escala de Puntuación de Demencia-2. Estados Unidos: PAR Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc; 1988.
25. Goodglas H, Kaplan E y Barresi B. Evaluación de la Afasia y de Trastornos Relacionados. (3ra Ed). Madrid Ed. Panamericana; 2005.
26. García, A., Sánchez, G., Aliaga, A. Validez ecológica y actividades de la vida diaria en el contexto forense. En Jarne, A. y Aliaga, A. (comps.). Manual de neuropsicología forense: De la clínica a los tribunales. Barcelona: Herder Editorial; 2010. p. 159-202.
27. Morimoto, S. S., Kanellopoulos, D., & Alexopoulos, G. S. Cognitive Impairment in Depressed Older Adults: Implications for Prognosis and Treatment. Psychiatric annals. 2014; 44(3): 138–142. doi:10.3928/00485713-20140306-0
28. Yesavage, J. & Brink, T. Development and validation of a Geriatric Depression Screening Scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1983; 17: 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
29. Tombaugh, T. Test of Malingering. Canadá: Multi-Health Systems Inc; 1996.
30. Tombaugh, T., Vilar-López, R., Peréz, M., Puente, A. (trad). Test de simulación de problemas de memoria [Test of memory malingering, (TOMM)]. Madrid: TEA EDICIONES; 2011.
31. Allely, C. Prevalence and assessment of traumatic brain injury in prison inmates: A systematic PRISMA review. Brain Injury. 2016. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1191674
32. Kosmidis, M. Challenges in the neuropsychological assessment of illiterate older adults. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. 2017. doi: 10.1080/23273798.2017.1379605
33. Larrabee, G. A scientific approach to forensic neuropsychology. En Larrabee, G. (Ed). Forensic Neuropsychology: A scientific approach. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012. p. 3-22.
34. Wesseling, C., van Wendel de Joode, B., Keifer, M., London, L., Mergler, D., Stallones, L. Symptoms of psychological distress and suicidal ideation among banana workers with a history of poisoning by organophosphate or n-methyl carbamate pesticides. Occup Environ Med. 2010; 67: 778-784. doi:10.1136/oem.2009.047266
Downloads
Published
2020-11-16
Issue
Section
Original research
License
The intellectual property of accepted works belongs to their authors, however access to them is totally open and free, so they can be reproduced totally or partially with the only limitation of recognizing the authorship and the source of publication (Revista Medicina Legal de Costa Rica), as long as said exploitation does not have commercial character.
How to Cite
Penitentiary System and old age: contributions of the forensic neuropsychological evaluation. (2020). Medicina Legal De Costa Rica, 36(2). https://www.binasss.sa.cr/ojssalud/index.php/mlcr/article/view/127
