Investigación Forense en Crímenes de Transmisión del VIH
Palabras clave:
Investigación forense; SIDA, VIH, crimen. Fuente: DeCSResumen
La microbiología forense es un área científica que ha surgido con la necesidad de investigar los delitos biológicos, como en el caso de la transmisión intencional del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Este trabajo exploratorio tuvo como objetivo demostrar cómo la tecnología biomédica, como la filogenética y la cuantificación de la carga viral y los linfocitos T CD4+, puede usarse para producir evidencia técnica que brinde más certeza para determinar la autoría y la materialidad de estas conductas criminales.
Referencias
1. Fanales-Belasio E, Raimondo M, Suligoi B, Buttò S. HIV virology and pathogenetic mechanisms of infection: a brief overview. Ann Ist super Sanità. 2013, v. 49, n. 3, p. 255–260.
2. Pa L. Human immunodeficiency viruses and their replication; 3rd. ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven: [s.n.], 1996.
3. Tenório LZ, Silva FH, Han SW. A Potencialidade dos Lentivetores na Terapia Gênica. Revista Brasileira de Clínica Médica. 2008, p. 260–267.
4. Sharp PM, Hahn BH. Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2011, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1–22.
5. Winslow CY, Kedel FA. Human immunodeficiency virus. Dermatological Manifestations of Kidney Disease. 2015, p. 45–56.
6. Hahn BH, et al. Scientific and Public Health Implications. Science. 2000, v. 287, n. 5453, p. 607–614.
7. Kalish ML, et al. Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005, v. 11, n. 12, p. 1928–1930.
8. Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E. Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2001, v. 356, n. 1410, p. 911–920.
9. Loreto S, Azevedo-Pereira JM. A infecção por HIV–importância das fases iniciais e do diagnóstico precoce. Acta Farmacêutica Portuguesa. 2012, v. 1, n. 2, p. 5–17.
10. Huynh K, Gulick PG. HIV Prevention. StatPearls, 2019.
11. Brasil - MS. Brasília-DF 2018 Diagnóstico da Infecção pelo HIV em Adultos e Crianças. 2017, p. 85.
12. Tortora G J, Funke BR, Case CL. Microbiologia. 12ª ed. Pearson, USA, 2016.
13. UNAIDS. Desafio Unaids. 2017.
14. Pereira C, Ferrara AP, Tomio AR. Prevenção, tá combinado? Jovens e Adultos Vivendo com HIV/Aids, Prevenção e Cidadania. 2018.
15. Brasil. Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Manejo da Infecção pelo HIV em crianças e adolescentes. 2014. http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/tags/publicacoes/protocolo-clinico-e-diretrizesterapeuticas.
16. Asts EJ, Hazuda DJ. HIV-1 antiretroviral drug therapy. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2012 Apr;2(4):a007161. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007161.
17. Jota FA. Os Antirretrovirais Através da História, da Descoberta até os Dias Atuais. 2011.
18. Brasil. Medicamentos antirretrovirais. The New England journal of medicine. 2013, p. 1.
19. Zucchi EM, et al. Da evidência à ação: desafios do Sistema Único de Saúde para ofertar a profilaxia pré-exposição sexual (PrEP) ao HIV às pessoas em maior vulnerabilidade. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2018, v. 34, n. 7, p. 1–16.
20. CDC. Pre-Expousure Prophylaxis (PrEP). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html
21. Waldman AE. Exceptions: The Criminal Law's Illogical Approach to HIV-Related Aggravated Assaults. New York Law School, 2011.
22. Furini AAC, et al. HIV/AIDS: relação dos níveis de linfócitos TCD4+ e carga viral com o tempo de diagnóstigo. Arq. Ciênc. Saúde, 2016, v. 23, n. 4, p. 95-98. <http://www.cienciasdasaude.famerp.br/index.php/racs/article/view/491>. doi: https://doi.org/10.17696/2318-3691.23.4.2016.491.
23. Rouxx C, et al. From Forensics to Forensic Science. Current Issues in Criminal Justice. 2012, v. 24, n1, p.7-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2012.12035941
24. Abrantes FEB. Inovações tecnológicas da ciência forense e suas implicações jurídicas. 2014. www.ambitojuridico.com.br/site/?n_link=revista_artigos_leitura&artigo_id=19543&revista_caderno=27.
25. Bernard EJ, et al. HIV forensics: Pitfalls and acceptable standards in the use of phylogenetic analysis as evidence in criminal investigations of HIV transmission. HIV Medicine. 2007, v. 8, n. 6, p. 382–387. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00486.x
26. Senés-Guerrero C, Schüssler A. A conserved arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal core-species community colonizes potato roots in the Andes. Fungal Diversity. 2016, v. 77, n. 1, p. 317–333. doi: 10.1007/s13225-015-0328-7
27. Kenah E, et al. Molecular Infectious Disease Epidemiology: Survival Analysis and Algorithms Linking Phylogenies to Transmission Trees. PLoS Computational Biology. 2016, v. 12, n. 4, p. 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004869
28. Baele G, et al. Emerging concepts of data integration in pathogen phylodynamics. Systematic Biology. 2017, v. 66, n. 1, p. e47–e65. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syw054.
29. Chang AB, et al. Phylogeny as a guide to structure and function of membrane transport proteins. Molecular Membrane Biology. 2004, v. 21, n. 3, p. 171–181. http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1409-00152019000200056&lng=en&tlng=es.
30. Carrillo-Araujo M, et al. Phyllostomid bat microbiome composition is associated to host phylogeny and feeding strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2015, v. 6, n. may, p. 1–9.
31. Matsen FA. Phylogenetics and the human microbiome. Systematic Biology, v. 64, n. 1, p. e26–e41, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syu053
32. Caldart ET, et al. Phylogenetic Analysis: Basic Concepts and Its Use as a Tool for Virology and Molecular Epidemiology. 2016, v. 44, n. Sep, p. 1392, 2016. https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81158
33. Zweigerdt R. Molecular Phylogenetics: Concepts for a Newcomer. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology. 2016, p. 1–35. doi: 10.1007/10_2016_49
34. França LTC, et al. A review of DNA sequencing techniques. Quartely Reviews of Biophysics, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033583502003797
35. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Biochemistry. 1977, v. 74. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
36. Alberts B, et al. Biologia molecular da célula. 6. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2017.
37. Alvarez-Cubero MJ, et al. Next generation sequencing: an application in forensic sciences? Annals of Human Biology. 2017, v. 44, n. 7, p. 581–592. doi: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1375155
38. Castro-Nallar E, et al. The evolution of HIV: Inferences using phylogenetics. 2013, v. 2012, n. 2, p.777–792. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.11.019
39. Alves BM, et al. Estimating HIV-1 Genetic Diversity in Brazil Through Next-Generation Sequencing. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019, v. 10, n. Apr, p. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00749
40. Abecasis AB, Pingarilho M, Vandamme AM. Phylogenetic analysis as a forensic tool in HIV transmission investigations. Aids. 2018, v. 32, n. 5, p. 543–554. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001728
41. La, C. et al. Viral diversity from next-generation sequencing of HIV-1 samples provides precise estimates of infection recency and time since infection Louisa. “Applied Catalysis A, General”. 2019, n. 2010, p. 1–19. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz094
42. Sosin DV, et al. Molecular mechanisms oh HIV-1 Genetic Diversity. Molecular Biology (Mosk), 2017, 51(4):547-560. doi: 10.7868/S0026898417030156
43. Cuevas JM, et al. Extremely High Mutation Rate of HIV-1 In Vivo. PLOS Biology, 2015, 16, 13(9):e1002251. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002251
44. Pinto ME, Struchiner CJ. A diversidade do HIV-1: uma ferramenta para o estudo da pandemia. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2006, v. 22, n. 3, p. 473–484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2006000300002
45. Andrews SM, et al. Recent advances in understanding HIV evolution. F1000 Reserch, 2017, 28, 6:597. doi: 10.12688/f1000research
46. Scaduto DI, et al. Source identification in two criminal cases using phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1DNA sequences. PNAS. 2010, 14, 107(50), p.21242-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015673107
47. Rambaut A, et al. The causes and consequences of HIV evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2004, 5(1), p.52-61. DOI: 10.1038/nrg1246
48. Faria NR, et al. The early spread and epidemic ignition oh HIV-1 in human populations. Science. 2014, 3, 346(6205). p-56-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1256739
49. Bezemer D, et al. Dispersion of the HIV-1: Epidemic in Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Netherlands: A Combined Mathematical Model and Phylogenetic Analysis. PLOS medicine. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001898
50. Pineda-Peña AC, et al. Automated subtyping of HIV-1 genetic sequences for clinical and surveillance purposes: perfomance evaluation of the new REGA version 3 and seven other tools. Elsevier. 2013, 19, p.337-48. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.032
51. Romero-Severson EO, et al. Phylogenetically resolving epidemiologic linkage. PNAS. 2016, 113 (10), p.2690-2695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522930113
52. Eishleman SH, et al. Analysis of genetic linkage of HIV from couples enrolled in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 trial. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2011, 15, 204(12), p.1918-26. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir651
53. Siljic M, et al. Forensic application of phylogenetic analyses – Exploration of suspected HIV-1 transmission case. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 2017, v. 27, p. 100–105. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016
54. Puerari DN, PORTES MAA, GARRIDO, RG. Autonomia Da Prova Técnica No Processo. Colloquium Humanarum, v. 11, n. Especial, p. 459–464, 2015.
55. Giovanelli A, Garrido, RG. A perícia criminal no Brasil como instância legitimadora de práticas policiais inquisitoriais. Revista LEVS/UNESP. 2011, v. 7, p. 5–24. http://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/levs/article/view/1672
56. Garrido RG, Giovanelli A. Ciência Forense Uma Introdução à Criminalística. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Projeto Cultural, 2015. v. 1. 214p.
57. Learn GH, Mullins JI. The microbial forensic use of HIV sequences. HIV Sequence Compendium 2003, p. 22–37. https://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/sequence/HIV/COMPENDIUM/2003/partI/Learn.pdf
58. Landi A, et al. Modelling and control of HIV dynamics. 2007, v. 9, p. 162–168. DOI:10.1016/j.cmpb.2007.08.003
2. Pa L. Human immunodeficiency viruses and their replication; 3rd. ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven: [s.n.], 1996.
3. Tenório LZ, Silva FH, Han SW. A Potencialidade dos Lentivetores na Terapia Gênica. Revista Brasileira de Clínica Médica. 2008, p. 260–267.
4. Sharp PM, Hahn BH. Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2011, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1–22.
5. Winslow CY, Kedel FA. Human immunodeficiency virus. Dermatological Manifestations of Kidney Disease. 2015, p. 45–56.
6. Hahn BH, et al. Scientific and Public Health Implications. Science. 2000, v. 287, n. 5453, p. 607–614.
7. Kalish ML, et al. Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005, v. 11, n. 12, p. 1928–1930.
8. Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E. Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2001, v. 356, n. 1410, p. 911–920.
9. Loreto S, Azevedo-Pereira JM. A infecção por HIV–importância das fases iniciais e do diagnóstico precoce. Acta Farmacêutica Portuguesa. 2012, v. 1, n. 2, p. 5–17.
10. Huynh K, Gulick PG. HIV Prevention. StatPearls, 2019.
11. Brasil - MS. Brasília-DF 2018 Diagnóstico da Infecção pelo HIV em Adultos e Crianças. 2017, p. 85.
12. Tortora G J, Funke BR, Case CL. Microbiologia. 12ª ed. Pearson, USA, 2016.
13. UNAIDS. Desafio Unaids. 2017.
14. Pereira C, Ferrara AP, Tomio AR. Prevenção, tá combinado? Jovens e Adultos Vivendo com HIV/Aids, Prevenção e Cidadania. 2018.
15. Brasil. Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Manejo da Infecção pelo HIV em crianças e adolescentes. 2014. http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/tags/publicacoes/protocolo-clinico-e-diretrizesterapeuticas.
16. Asts EJ, Hazuda DJ. HIV-1 antiretroviral drug therapy. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2012 Apr;2(4):a007161. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007161.
17. Jota FA. Os Antirretrovirais Através da História, da Descoberta até os Dias Atuais. 2011.
18. Brasil. Medicamentos antirretrovirais. The New England journal of medicine. 2013, p. 1.
19. Zucchi EM, et al. Da evidência à ação: desafios do Sistema Único de Saúde para ofertar a profilaxia pré-exposição sexual (PrEP) ao HIV às pessoas em maior vulnerabilidade. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2018, v. 34, n. 7, p. 1–16.
20. CDC. Pre-Expousure Prophylaxis (PrEP). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html
21. Waldman AE. Exceptions: The Criminal Law's Illogical Approach to HIV-Related Aggravated Assaults. New York Law School, 2011.
22. Furini AAC, et al. HIV/AIDS: relação dos níveis de linfócitos TCD4+ e carga viral com o tempo de diagnóstigo. Arq. Ciênc. Saúde, 2016, v. 23, n. 4, p. 95-98. <http://www.cienciasdasaude.famerp.br/index.php/racs/article/view/491>. doi: https://doi.org/10.17696/2318-3691.23.4.2016.491.
23. Rouxx C, et al. From Forensics to Forensic Science. Current Issues in Criminal Justice. 2012, v. 24, n1, p.7-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2012.12035941
24. Abrantes FEB. Inovações tecnológicas da ciência forense e suas implicações jurídicas. 2014. www.ambitojuridico.com.br/site/?n_link=revista_artigos_leitura&artigo_id=19543&revista_caderno=27.
25. Bernard EJ, et al. HIV forensics: Pitfalls and acceptable standards in the use of phylogenetic analysis as evidence in criminal investigations of HIV transmission. HIV Medicine. 2007, v. 8, n. 6, p. 382–387. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00486.x
26. Senés-Guerrero C, Schüssler A. A conserved arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal core-species community colonizes potato roots in the Andes. Fungal Diversity. 2016, v. 77, n. 1, p. 317–333. doi: 10.1007/s13225-015-0328-7
27. Kenah E, et al. Molecular Infectious Disease Epidemiology: Survival Analysis and Algorithms Linking Phylogenies to Transmission Trees. PLoS Computational Biology. 2016, v. 12, n. 4, p. 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004869
28. Baele G, et al. Emerging concepts of data integration in pathogen phylodynamics. Systematic Biology. 2017, v. 66, n. 1, p. e47–e65. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syw054.
29. Chang AB, et al. Phylogeny as a guide to structure and function of membrane transport proteins. Molecular Membrane Biology. 2004, v. 21, n. 3, p. 171–181. http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1409-00152019000200056&lng=en&tlng=es.
30. Carrillo-Araujo M, et al. Phyllostomid bat microbiome composition is associated to host phylogeny and feeding strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2015, v. 6, n. may, p. 1–9.
31. Matsen FA. Phylogenetics and the human microbiome. Systematic Biology, v. 64, n. 1, p. e26–e41, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syu053
32. Caldart ET, et al. Phylogenetic Analysis: Basic Concepts and Its Use as a Tool for Virology and Molecular Epidemiology. 2016, v. 44, n. Sep, p. 1392, 2016. https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81158
33. Zweigerdt R. Molecular Phylogenetics: Concepts for a Newcomer. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology. 2016, p. 1–35. doi: 10.1007/10_2016_49
34. França LTC, et al. A review of DNA sequencing techniques. Quartely Reviews of Biophysics, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033583502003797
35. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Biochemistry. 1977, v. 74. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
36. Alberts B, et al. Biologia molecular da célula. 6. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2017.
37. Alvarez-Cubero MJ, et al. Next generation sequencing: an application in forensic sciences? Annals of Human Biology. 2017, v. 44, n. 7, p. 581–592. doi: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1375155
38. Castro-Nallar E, et al. The evolution of HIV: Inferences using phylogenetics. 2013, v. 2012, n. 2, p.777–792. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.11.019
39. Alves BM, et al. Estimating HIV-1 Genetic Diversity in Brazil Through Next-Generation Sequencing. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019, v. 10, n. Apr, p. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00749
40. Abecasis AB, Pingarilho M, Vandamme AM. Phylogenetic analysis as a forensic tool in HIV transmission investigations. Aids. 2018, v. 32, n. 5, p. 543–554. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001728
41. La, C. et al. Viral diversity from next-generation sequencing of HIV-1 samples provides precise estimates of infection recency and time since infection Louisa. “Applied Catalysis A, General”. 2019, n. 2010, p. 1–19. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz094
42. Sosin DV, et al. Molecular mechanisms oh HIV-1 Genetic Diversity. Molecular Biology (Mosk), 2017, 51(4):547-560. doi: 10.7868/S0026898417030156
43. Cuevas JM, et al. Extremely High Mutation Rate of HIV-1 In Vivo. PLOS Biology, 2015, 16, 13(9):e1002251. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002251
44. Pinto ME, Struchiner CJ. A diversidade do HIV-1: uma ferramenta para o estudo da pandemia. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2006, v. 22, n. 3, p. 473–484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2006000300002
45. Andrews SM, et al. Recent advances in understanding HIV evolution. F1000 Reserch, 2017, 28, 6:597. doi: 10.12688/f1000research
46. Scaduto DI, et al. Source identification in two criminal cases using phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1DNA sequences. PNAS. 2010, 14, 107(50), p.21242-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015673107
47. Rambaut A, et al. The causes and consequences of HIV evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2004, 5(1), p.52-61. DOI: 10.1038/nrg1246
48. Faria NR, et al. The early spread and epidemic ignition oh HIV-1 in human populations. Science. 2014, 3, 346(6205). p-56-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1256739
49. Bezemer D, et al. Dispersion of the HIV-1: Epidemic in Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Netherlands: A Combined Mathematical Model and Phylogenetic Analysis. PLOS medicine. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001898
50. Pineda-Peña AC, et al. Automated subtyping of HIV-1 genetic sequences for clinical and surveillance purposes: perfomance evaluation of the new REGA version 3 and seven other tools. Elsevier. 2013, 19, p.337-48. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.032
51. Romero-Severson EO, et al. Phylogenetically resolving epidemiologic linkage. PNAS. 2016, 113 (10), p.2690-2695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522930113
52. Eishleman SH, et al. Analysis of genetic linkage of HIV from couples enrolled in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 trial. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2011, 15, 204(12), p.1918-26. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir651
53. Siljic M, et al. Forensic application of phylogenetic analyses – Exploration of suspected HIV-1 transmission case. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 2017, v. 27, p. 100–105. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016
54. Puerari DN, PORTES MAA, GARRIDO, RG. Autonomia Da Prova Técnica No Processo. Colloquium Humanarum, v. 11, n. Especial, p. 459–464, 2015.
55. Giovanelli A, Garrido, RG. A perícia criminal no Brasil como instância legitimadora de práticas policiais inquisitoriais. Revista LEVS/UNESP. 2011, v. 7, p. 5–24. http://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/levs/article/view/1672
56. Garrido RG, Giovanelli A. Ciência Forense Uma Introdução à Criminalística. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Projeto Cultural, 2015. v. 1. 214p.
57. Learn GH, Mullins JI. The microbial forensic use of HIV sequences. HIV Sequence Compendium 2003, p. 22–37. https://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/sequence/HIV/COMPENDIUM/2003/partI/Learn.pdf
58. Landi A, et al. Modelling and control of HIV dynamics. 2007, v. 9, p. 162–168. DOI:10.1016/j.cmpb.2007.08.003
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2020-11-17
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Investigación Forense en Crímenes de Transmisión del VIH. (2020). Medicina Legal De Costa Rica, 37(1). https://www.binasss.sa.cr/ojssalud/index.php/mlcr/article/view/153
