ESPECIES REACTIVAS DEL OXÍGENO: FORMACIÓN, FUNCION Y ESTRÉS OXIDATIVO
Palabras clave:
Estrés oxidativo, antioxidantes, especies reactivas del oxígeno, control redox, radicales libres.
Resumen
Las especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS) son producidas como una consecuencia del metabolismo aeróbico fisiológico normal. La cadena de transporte de electrones de la mitocondria, los peroxisomas, la NADPH oxidasa, la óxido nítrico sintetasa desacoplada y el sistema del citocromo P450 son las fuentes más importantes de producción de los ROS. El desbalance entre la producción de los ROS y el sistema de defensa antioxidante en los sistemas vivos ocasiona una ruptura de la función celular y daño. Este desbalance ocurre por una sobreproducción de ROS y una reducción del mecanismo de defensa antioxidante. Las acciones protectoras contra los ROS son llevadas a cabo por varias enzimas (superóxido dismutasa, catalasa y glutatión peroxidasa) y también por compuestos no enzimáticos (vitamina E, ascorbato, glutatión, transferrina, ceruloplasmina, etc.). Los ROS son moduladores cruciales de las funciones celulares. A bajas concentraciones, los ROS son participantes esenciales en la señalización celular, la inducción de la respuesta mitogénica, la defensa contra agentes infecciosos, mientras que el exceso de los ROS puede alterar la función celular normal y promover el daño irreversible a lípidos, ácidos nucleicos y a proteínas celulares. Los ROS, especialmente el H2O2, sirven como moléculas mensajeras por medio de la modificación oxidativa de proteínas de señalización. Entonces, un balance entre la producción de los ROS y su remoción permite una función celular normal, mientras que un desequilibrio causa estrés oxidativo con consecuencias patológicas.
Citas
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43. Dai, D-F., Chiao, Y. A., Marcinel, D., Szeto, H. & Rabinovitch, P. (2014). Mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging and healthspan. Longevity & Healthspan, 3, 1-22.
2. Thanan, R., Oikawa, S., Hiraku, Y., Ohnishi, S., Ma, N., Pinlaor, S., et al. (2015). Oxidative stress and its significant roles in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Int J Mol Sci, 16, 193-217.
3. Li, J., O, W., Li, W., Jiang, Z-G. & Ghanbari, H. (2013). Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Mol Sci, 14, 24438-24475.
4. Phaniendra, A. Jestadi, D. B. & Periyasamy, L. (2015). Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implications in various diseases. Ind J Clin Biochem, 30(1), 11-26.
5. Halliwell, B. (1989). Tell me about free radicals, doctor: a review. J Royal Soc Med, 82, 747-752.
6. Mittal, M., Siddiqui, m. R., Tran, K., Reddy, S. & Malik, A. B. (2014). Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 20(7), 1126-1167.
7. Schmidt H. H., Stocker, R., Volibracht, C., Paulsen, G., Riley, D. Daiber, A. & Cuadrado, A.(2015). Antioxidants in Translational medicine. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 23(14), 1130-1143.
8. Tangvarasittichai, S. (2015). Oxidative stress, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes, 6(3), 456-480.
9. Lay, S. L., Simard, G., Martinez, M. C. & Andriantsitohaina, R. (2014). Oxidative stress and metabolic pathologies: from an adipocentric point of view. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014, 1-18.
10. Di Meo, S. Reed, T. T., Venditti, P. & Victor, V. M. (2016). Role of ROS and RNS sources in physiological and pathological conditions. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 1-44.
11. Sainz, R., Lombo, F. & Mayo, J. C. (2012). Radical decisions in cancer: redox control of cell growth and death. Cancers, 4, 442-474.
12. González, J., Valls, N., Brito, R. & Rodrigo, R. (2014). Essential hypertension and oxidative stress: new insights. World J Cardiology, 6(6), 353-366.
13. Aroor, A., Mandavia, C., Ren, J., Sowers, J. & Pulakat, L. (2012). Mitochondrial and oxidative stress in the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. CardioRenal Medicine, 2, 87-109.
14. Mudau, M., Genis, A., Lochner, A. & Strijdom, H. (2012). Endothelial dysfunction: the
early predictor of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc JAfr, 23(4), 222-231.
15. Mikhed, Y., Daiber, A. & Steven, S. (2015). Mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA damage and their role in age-related vascular dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci, 16, 15918-15953.
16. Galogahi, K. K., Liu, C. C., Gentile, C., kok, C., Nunez, A. & Garcia, A. (2014). Glutathionylation mediates angiotensin II–Induced eNOS uncoupling, amplifying NADPH Oxidase-dependent endothelial dysfunction. J Americ Heart Assoc, 3, 1-11.
17. Hamilton, S. & Watts, G. (2013). Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: pathogenesis, significance, and treatment. Review of Diabetic Studies, 10, 133-156.
18. Rahal, A., Kumar, A., Singh, V., Yadav, B., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S. & Dhama, K. (2014).Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and Antioxidants: the interplay. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1-19.
19. Ottum, M. & Mistry, A. (2015). Advanced glycation end-products: modifiable environmental factors profoundly mediate insulin resistance. J Clin Biochem Nutr, 57(1), 1-12.
20. Bresgen, N. & Eckel, P. M. (2015). Oxidative stress and the homeodynamics of iron metabolism. Biomolecules, 5, 808-847.
21. Halliwell, B. (2012). The antioxidant paradox: less paradoxical now? British J Clin Pharmacol, 75, 637-644.
22. Indo, H., Yen, H-C., Nakanishi, I., Matsumoto, K-I., Tamura, M., Nagano, Y., et al. (2015). A mitochondrial superoxide theory for oxidative stress diseases and aging. J Clin Biochem Nutr, 56(1), 1-7.
23. Kozakowska, M., Pietraszek-Gremplewicz, K., Jozkowicz, A. & Dulak, J. (2015). The role of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle injury and regeneration: focus on antioxidant enzymes. J Muscle Res Cell Motil, 36, 377-393.
24. Lushchak, V. I. (2014). Classification of oxidative stress based on its intensity. EXCLI J, 13, 922-937.
25. Handy, D. & Loscalzo, J. (2012). Redox regulation of mitochondrial function. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 16(11), 1323-1367.
26. Biswas, S. K. (2016). Does the interdependence between oxidative stress and inflammation explain the antioxidant paradox? Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 1-9.
27. Mudau, M., Genis, A., Lochner, A. & Strijdom, H. (2012). Endothelial dysfunction: the early predictor of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc J Afr, 23(4), 222-231.
28. Muniyappa, R. & Sowers, J. (2013). Role of insulin resistance in endothelial dysfunction. Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 14, 1, 5-12.
29. Matsuzawa, Y. & Lerman, A. (2014). Endothelial dysfunction and coronary artery disease: assessment, prognosis and treatment. Coron Artery Dis, 25(8), 713-724.
30. Hadi, H., Carr, C. & Suwaidi, J. (2005). Endothelial dysfunction: cardiovascular risk factors, therapy, and outcome. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 1(3), 183-198.
31. Widlansky, M. E. & Gutterman, D. (2011). Regulation of endothelial function by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 15(6), 1517-1530.
32. Zuo, L. & Pannell, B. (2015). Redox characterization of functioning skeletal muscle. Frontiers Physiology, 6, 1-9.
33. Chiarugi, P., Pani, G., Giannoni, E., Taddei, L., Colavitti, R., Raugei, G., et al. (2003). Reactive oxygen species as essential mediators of cell adhesion: the oxidative inhibition of a FAK tyrosine phosphatase is required for cell adhesion. J Cell Biology, 161(5), 933-944.
34. Gulati, P., Klohn P.C., Krug, H., Gottlicher, M., Markova, B., F.D. Bohmer, F. D., & Herrlich. P. (2001). Redox regulation in mammalian signal transduction. IUBMB Life. 52, 25–28.
35. Halliwell, B. & Whiteman, M. (2004). Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? British J Pharmacol, 142, 231-255.
36. Ortuño-Sahagún, D., Pallàs, M. & Rojas-Mayorquín, A. E. (2014). Oxidative stress in aging: advances in proteomic approaches. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014, 1-18.
37. Navarro-Yepes, J., Burns, M., Anandhan, A., Khalimonchuk, O., del Razo, L. M., Quintanilla-Vega, B., et al. (2014). Oxidative stress, redox signaling, and autophagy: cell death versus survival. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 21(1), 66-85.
38. Li, S., Tan, H-Y., Wang, N., Zhang, Z-J., Lao, L., Wong, C-W. & Feng, Y. (2015). The role of oxidative stress and Antioxidants in liver diseases. Int J Molecular Sciences, 16, 26087-26124.
39. Crowley, S. (2014). The cooperative roles of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 20(1), 102-120.
40. Fischer R. & Maier, O. (2015). Interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease: role of TNF. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2015, 1-18.
41. Spuch, C., Ortolano, S. & Navarro, C. (2012). New insights in the amyloid-beta interaction with mitochondria. J Aging Research, 2012, 1-9.
42. Bonda, D., Wang, X., Lee, H-g., Smith, M. A., Perry, G. & Zhu, X. (2014). Neuronal failure in Alzheimer disease: a view through the oxidative stress looking-glass. Neurosci Bull, 30(2), 243-252.
43. Dai, D-F., Chiao, Y. A., Marcinel, D., Szeto, H. & Rabinovitch, P. (2014). Mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging and healthspan. Longevity & Healthspan, 3, 1-22.
Publicado
2020-11-16
Cómo citar
Carvajal Carvajal, C. (2020). ESPECIES REACTIVAS DEL OXÍGENO: FORMACIÓN, FUNCION Y ESTRÉS OXIDATIVO. Medicina Legal De Costa Rica, 36(1). Recuperado a partir de //www.binasss.sa.cr/ojssalud/index.php/mlcr/article/view/116
Sección
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