
REVISTA MEDICINA LEGAL DE COSTA RICA ISSN 2215 -5287 Vol. 36 (2) Septiembre 2019
6. Gutvirtz G, Wainstock T, Landau D, Sheiner E. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and long-term
neurological morbidity of the offspring. Addict Behav. 2019;88:86-91.
7. Verhagen E, ter Horst H, Kooi E, Keating P, van den Berg P, Bos A. Prenatal tobacco exposure
influences cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87(6):401-406.
8. Polanska K, Krol A, Merecz-Kot D, Ligocka D, Mikolajewska K, Mirabella F et al. Environmental
Tobacco Smoke Exposure during Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopment. Int J Environ Res Public
Health. 2017;14(7):796.
9. Dong T, Hu W, Zhou X, Lin H, Lan L, Hang B et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal smoking during
pregnancy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: A meta-analysis. Reprod
Toxicol. 2018;76:63-70.
10. Huang S, Weng K, Huang S, Liou H, Wang C, Ou S et al. The effects of maternal smoking exposure
during pregnancy on postnatal outcomes: A cross sectional study. J Chin Med Assoc.
2017;80(12):796-802.
11. Balte P, Karmaus W, Roberts G, Kurukulaaratchy R, Mitchell F, Arshad H. Relationship between
birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood and adolescent lung function: A
path analysis. Respir Med. 2016;121:13-20.
12. Moradzadeh R, Mansournia M, Baghfalaki T, Nadrian H, Gustafson P, McCandless L. The impact
of maternal smoking during pregnancy on childhood asthma: adjusted for exposure
misclassification; results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2012.
Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28(10):697-703.
13. McEvoy C, Spindel E. Pulmonary Effects of Maternal Smoking on the Fetus and Child: Effects on
Lung Development, Respiratory Morbidities, and Life Long Lung Health. Paediatr Respir Rev.
2017;21:27-33.
14. Cao J, Xu X, Hylkema M, Zeng E, Sly P, Suk W et al. Early-life Exposure to Widespread
Environmental Toxicants and Health Risk: A Focus on the Immune and Respiratory Systems. Ann
Glob Health. 2016;82(1):119.
15. Goudarzi H, Konno S, Kimura H, Araki A, Miyashita C, Itoh S et al. Contrasting associations of
maternal smoking and pre-pregnancy BMI with wheeze and eczema in children. Sci Total Environ.
2018;639:1601-1609.
16. Ordean A, Wong S, Graves L. No. 349-Substance Use in Pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can.
2017;39(10):922-937.e2.
17. Hamulka J, Zielińska M, Chądzyńska K. The combined effects of alcohol and tobacco use during
pregnancy on birth outcomes. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2018;69(1):37-43.
18. Ko T, Tsai L, Chu L, Yeh S, Leung C, Chen C et al. Parental Smoking During Pregnancy and Its
Association with Low Birth Weight, Small for Gestational Age, and Preterm Birth Offspring:
A Birth Cohort Study. Pediatr Neonatol. 2014;55(1):20-27.
19. Seal N, Krakower G, Seal J. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Metabolic Syndrome in Their
Children. J Nurse Pract. 2013;9(10):695-705.